Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Management

radio receiver Sensor Networks for contingency wayAbstract The world we be living is an event for catastrophes daily. Some of the contingencys are naturally occurring and some occurring repay competent to man-made catastrophes. So not only nature but also human beings are evenly responsible for the happenings of these disasters. With the developments in the technologies it is very much possible to find a way to tackle these disasters. Wire little Sensor Networks (WSN) thunder mug be utilise in the developments of disaster management. Hence in that location is a charter for development of a scheme for the disaster control and management. Also, belongings in mind about ontogenesis a structure which is efficient in terms of functioning and the costing. With this paper, we attempt to present some literature study and methodology utilise by other authors and find the pros and cons in their study. Also, we try to formulate an depth psychology of the proposed studies.Keywords - radio set Sensor Networks (WSN), Disaster management.IntroductionWith the advancements in the WSNs it is possible in a flash to detect and monitor divers(a)(a) parameters in our surroundings. The sensors in a entanglements help us to monitor and keep track on the diverse paramenters. These parameters include temperature for fire detection, flow mesurement for detection of floods, Global Positioning System (GPS) for location trackink to name a few. With the monitoring of these parameters we can detect both disaster and with the network implementation we can be able broadcast the information. The broadcasting of information would help to reach many people and will expeditious the people, so that they can move to a safer place. In this paper we will be discussing about the iplementation make in the field of disaster management and would be focussing on the variant aspects of the WSNs. The architecture details, componets employ, networks used are some of the things to be di scussed. Other than WSN, the use of Ad-hoc relay station, mobile converse, dwelling house station functions, cell and forgather functions are also being discussed.The implementation of radio Sensor Network (WSN) in a system has been done by many researchers over the years and there are various techniques of implementing them. Development and update of technologies has made this even more possible. A.S Bhosle et al.1 presented classification of various sensors depending upon its function and about the different types of WSN protocols. The network consists of radio receiver sensor nodes, sink nodes, base stations, a gateway for information transferring, a backbone network and an observer at the output side. The WSN protocols are responsible for the discourse between a sensor and the network devices in a network. The sensors can be classified based on their physical properties. These include the flow, positioning, temperature, pressure, acceleration and so forth D.V Kishore et al . 2 discussed about the problems of disasters occurring at a mine or excavation location. The main concern in the phrase was about the blasts occurring in the mines and the consequences of that being an increase amount of air pollution, noise pollution and an increase in the chances of accidents in the mine area. They provided a computer hardware architecture using the traditional electronic components and with the help of that exhibit the ways of tackling a mishap. S.Saha et al. 3 proposed an architecture which was based on mobile intercourse network. The use of mobile communication concepts like pack, cell, base station and frequency usage was discussed within the architecture. S. Rasaneh et al. 4 proposed an energy resourceful deterrent example and implementing the model with an additional communication network would make it more efficient. The model implementation included a hybrid network and a multi hop routing technique for the efficient energy usage. Also, the model i mplementation included deployment of sensors in various types of environments and depending upon that the sensing operations can be performed. With the use of multi-hop there will be less chances of signalize loss or distortions. Thus, in this way the model can become more efficient. S.M. George et al. 5 proposed a Distress network for disaster management and the system architecture consists of 3 components a Body Net, signified Net, Vehicle Net Area Net. Body Net is a body worn WSN device which is used to keep a continuous track on the various aspects of a person like heartbeat, rent pressure, location and so forth Sense Net is used for sensing the data and is mainly used keeping track of the monitored data. Vehicle Net is responsible for the detection of any disaster is also responsible for the infection of information. Area Net is used for carrying large volumes of data and as it supports large bandwidth so that helps in direct images, videos and audio data. Kaur, Harminde r et al. 6 proposed an architecture consisting of a cluster, an Ad-hoc network, base station, antenna and a satellite. Using these components an efficient disaster can be created. The architecture works on the principle of multi hopping. after(prenominal) the literature analysis of various articles, we now focus on the methods used in the implementation part of the article. A.S Bhosleet al. 1 in his proposed model demonstrated a disaster about when fire breaks out. Consider in a network, there is a fire capable area there are more than one sensors to sense the fire, these sensors can for example thermistor, RTD, thermocouple etc. The wireless sensor node detects the fire and searches for the nearest sink node, and so the sink node verifies the hoard data with its predefined threshold value. If the threshold value is less than the received data, consequently a warning signal is send to the end user via base station and the backbone network. If the threshold is greater than recei ved data, then an emergency message is send to the end user via base station and backbone network. D.V Kishore et al. 2 proposed a hardware architecture which had a sender and a receiver section. The sensors collected the sensed data as per their property, the various sensors deployed were gas sensor, lively sensor, temperature sensor and vibration sensors. The sensed value is converted to digital form by the analogue to digital converter and then is given to the multiplexer, the multiplexer then encodes all the sensed set and sends them to the transmitter and then the transmitter antenna transmits these values to the receiver section. The receiver antenna receives the transmitted values and these values are send to the de-multiplexer. The de-multiplexer then decodes the values and sends them to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then sends the decoded values to the output devices and we can see the output. S.Saha et al. 3 in proposed a heterogenous hybrid model of a network and sensors. The focus was providing a better network coverage and to limit the usage of Ad-hoc relay station (ARS). This was achieved by simply placing the ARS at the edges of the cell and with that the ARS was divided by multiple cells. Sensors nodes were placed in a cell to sense various parameters like temperature, vibrations, location, light intensity etc. In a disaster situation, the sensor nodes help in detection of the survivors. After detection, the information is passed to the mobile communication network and the ARS and the base station are responsible for the effective communication between the network. S. Rasaneh et al. 4 proposed a structure using a simple cluster model of a communication network consisting of sensor nodes, head nodes, second take aim head nodes and base station. The sensor nodes are used to sense different functions accordingly these are seismic vibrations for earthquake, temperature for fire, flow measurement for floods, weather sensors for humidi ty etc. In a disaster situation, the sensor nodes in a cluster firstly sense the various parameters as per their individual sensor properties and then send the collected data to the second level cluster head and then a cluster head receives all the data from other second level cluster heads from every cluster. Then, the base station receives all the data from the cluster heads. The data is send from a second level cluster to the cluster head to have an efficient data flow without any signal losses. This structure uses the multi-hop technique so that data can transmission can be done efficiently. Kaur, Harminer et al. 6 proposed an architecture involving usage of a mobile network, radio and satellite communication. During any disaster, the sink nodes collects data from the topical anaesthetic sensors and ARS. The data is then collected by the base station with the help of the sink nodes in the network. The base station sends the data to the antenna and the antenna broadcasts the sig nals to the satellite. The satellite then sends the warning about the disaster to the local anaesthetic hospitals and the ambulance.There are various gaps in the above discussed articles. We cannot be relying on an architecture that is a hardware based as within any kind of disaster it cannot be accurate and depending upon the intensity and how stringy the disaster is the hardware with not withstand and would surely be damaged. Also about the deployment of ARS in the edges of cell, then the signal handling capacity of the ARS gets affected and this produces latency in the network. This affects the performance of the architecture. In the fire disaster system, the distance between the cluster and the operating network is very large and if there is any latency introduced in the network, then it would be very late for the signaling about the disaster.With the developments in the field of Wireless Sensor networks we can surely be opting on trying and formulating new ways to find resol ve to these problems. Also with the ongoing problems in terms of disasters there is a need to do to. After the study, there are still many developments that can be done in many aspects of the architecture, technology used and the components used. The focus must be on trying new developments and if possible go to find the solutions of the actual problems related with the disaster management. WSN can help in predetermining of the any disaster and we can then alert everybody about it.References1A. S. Bhosle and L. M. Gavhane, Forest disaster management with wireless sensor network, in 2016 International crowd on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), 2016, pp. 287-289.2D. V. Kishore, D. V. Gowda, Shivashankar, and S. Mehta, MANET topology for disaster management using wireless sensor network, in 2016 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2016, pp. 0736-0740.3S. Saha and M. Matsumoto, A Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for Dis aster Management, in 2007 Information, Decision and Control, 2007, pp. 209-213.4S. Rasaneh and T. Banirostam, A New Structure and Routing Algorithm for Optimizing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network for Disaster Management, in 2013 4th International Conference on Intelligent Systems, exemplar and Simulation, 2013, pp. 481-485.5S. M. George, W. Zhou, H. Chenji, M. Won, Y. O. Lee, A. Pazarloglou, et al., DistressNet a wireless ad hoc and sensor network architecture for situation management in disaster response, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, pp. 128-136, 2010.6H. Kaur, R. S. Sawhney, and N. Komal, Wireless sensor networks for disaster management, International Journal of Advanced Research in information processing system Engineering Technology, vol. 1, pp. 129-134, 2012.