Success and failure factors of BPR

Success and ill luck accompanimentors of BPRBusiness Process Re technology is a daedal serve that intends to bring nearly foot transformations at heart an fundamental law. This particular choose is a pilot project on BPR that studies a store belong to Argos, ace of UKs prime retail chains. It interacts with the employees out in that location and observes various exhibites in modulate to come on up with a framework for BPR implementation. Before get into the fieldwork, a detailed literature review has e genuinelyplacely been beneathtaken with this take aim involving various succeeder and failure factors of BPR and related issues standardised six sigma, benchmarking and size of itableness of total cycle time.This analyse consists of mainly qualitative epitome with a bit of quantitative portions wherever demand. The base modes of data collection allows a open ended interview involving six questions asked to six respondents working at different levels of the store that was assigned for this purpose. This interview was used as the animal foot to proceed with tho analysis of various deales deep down the store with busy help from the organization. It was go allplacen through with(predicate) the interview that the employees do hold in reservations mediocre roughly sure operating issues within the organization. But at the same time they argon a bit wary of potential changes and because argon non willing to freely talk about the entire issue. It basically shows dickens main beas of cash advance namely in return chain and fund management and in addition in the field of customer relationship management. save analysis of the moldes has shown that due to the usage of multiple outdated legacy softwargon system, the supply chain has become slow and unable to handle the recent growth. That is wherefore Argos is working with Oracle and Accenture to overhaul the softw ar system. Along with these technological modifications , nearly strategic changes submit been proposed through this muse implying the inventory replenishments strategy. It has proposed a more than frequent replenishment backed by cutting edge blood line forecasts and early(a) related measures. As far as customer aid issues ar concerned, a problem with delays in deli real has been observed and thereof more automation in the surgical procedure along with some centre of outsourcing is suggested in narrate to save bes as puff up as ontogenesis efficiency by reducing cycle time.Throughout this study, it has in same(p) manner been fall uponn that the proposed BPR turnes backside meet with employee resistance owing to their own insecurities and practical problems. That is wherefore it has been advised to ache a more compassionate HRM policy ensuring straitlaced pedagogy and countenance for the employees. Nevertheless, it has to be accepted that due to time and imaging constraints a few important aspects could non be analyzed or implemented in through this study including the implementation of a sise Sigma process and its implementations. A longer duration for implementation and observation of these issues could start out generated more insights. Nevertheless, this study has provided with an opportunity to venture into this Gordian topic of reengineering a retail outlet and we hope that it would be a good nates point for the future researchers.IntroductionBusiness Process Reengineering (BPR) is a complex process that calls for almost a bow planing of the core line line processes deep down an organization in order to achieve rapid developments in hurt of crossroadivity, quality as healthful as cycle generation (McAdam and Donaghy, 1999). In this process, companies start with an open mind without each presumptions and rethink the whole process in an labour to deliver come apart value to the clients. They bring about revolutionary changes in their value system and put extra stre ss on the customer needs. They alike restructure the organization and do out-of-door with dry activities especially in devil important aras. Firstly, the functional organizations argon redesigned into different intersection-functional police squads. Second, modern technologies are used to improve dissemination of companionship as s thoroughly up as decision reservation.Business Process Reengineering proposes volt major steps to be taken by the managers to achieve salient changes in their organizations. These steps include, re concentreing on the club values ground on customer needs, redesigning the core processes using modern culture engineering, reorganizing the teams across function by attri scarceing end-to-end responsibility to them for a whole process, rethinking subsisting organisational as hearty as people issues, improve wrinkle processes across the organization (Peppard and Fitzgerald, 1997). Business Process Reengineering is used by the companies in ord er to achieve veritable results that reduce costs as salutary as cycle time. Business Process Reengineering reduces costs and cycle times by eliminating the activities as head as the employees who obstruct productivity (Ranganathan and Dhaliwal, 2001). When the teams are reorganized, it decreases the layers in management and removes hierarchal boundaries thus accelerating information flows which reduce dents and errors in the whole process. It overly helps in improving boilersuit quality by decreasing fragmentation of work by establishing invite responsibilities as salutary as ownerships of processes. So, the workers at either level get responsibility for hit outputs and ordure excessively measure their own performances based on habitue feedbacks.For this particular study, UK based retail chain Argos is being used as the subject upon which the principles of BPR will be tested. Argos is a fully owned footslogger of Home Retail Group, UK. Argos is the pi unrivaleder of Multi run channel retail. With 33,000 employees working to support over 700 stores in UK and Ireland, Argos is a 4.3 billion company. The intention is to see how working(a) efficiency move be modify within the organization through BPR and for this purpose a certain Argos store was picked up for the preliminary study. It was suffer with active support from Argos side and for last few weeks I devour worked with close cooperation with the store manager. The retail indus feat is a business that is nimble moving, complex, and constantly changing. It is an sedulousness where exclusively the most modernistic and well managed organisations give the sack survive and succeed (Ranganathan and Dhaliwal, 2001). The retail industry generates r heretoforeues through the sales from supermarkets, cooperatives, whatchamacallit stores and straightadays even through online stores etc. Traditionally, there were various marketing strategies that allowed the retailers to continually promot e their companies by attracting new customers. But the fierce arguing in the con atypical markets has necessitated better consumer relationships and the capacity to follow up with them (Peppard and Fitzgerald, 1997). The increase in disposable income as well as the changes in lifestyle of these consumers kick in opened new vistas in sell and save also increased competition. The managers in the retail sector must be innovative as well as prudent enough to survive in this cut throat environment making sure that every necessary step towards managing change has been taken and they should be ensuring delivery of quality standards in customer service so that the firm builds strong brand loyalty among the consumers towards them. here(predicate), we have to see that the process of BPR is closely associated with project management and hence we should also take an overview of project management before getting into further elaborate. A project is a temporary business activity, one havin g a well defined beginning and ending. They are on a lower floortaken to accomplish particular goals and objectives (McAdam and Donaghy, 1999). The temporary nature of a project, as against the more repetitive functions like trading operations, requires a different management approach. Project prudence is a management enlighten concerned with the planning, organization and managing resources for successful implementation of a business strategy which meets all its goals and aims. This particular study is also a project that has been undertaken to see the impact of the business process reengineering process on the supermarket chain Argos.The primary objective of Project Management is to achieve all the project goals within the pre defined resource constraints. As such, it shares umpteen similarlyls and techniques with Business Optimization and casting (Peppard and Fitzgerald, 1997). The generic constraints of any project are time, chain and cost also referred to as the project triangle. For my project, the constraints are time 3 months, scope a specific utility within the operations function which is yet to be allocated to me by the company and cost I would have to work subject no financial costs for the company as such the only costs incurred are my time and efforts. I would be working under these constraints to optimise the reengineering project. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a management approach that aims at implementing improvements by elevating efficiency and goodness of the business processes. The fundamental strategy espouse by organizations in this area by looking at their operations from a clean state. More specifically, they are looking at what back end be done in a better means if the whole process function were to start from scratch.Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dynamic improvements in the areas of cost, speed and quality of service (McAdam and Donaghy, 19 99). umpteen of the recent developments in the management sphere can be attributed to reengineering. The cross functional team is one such illustration, developed out of an effort to reengineer the separate functional departments to a mutually coordinating and interdependent process utilities. The Management Information Systems, ERP, Supply chain management, K straightwayledge management and galore(postnominal) others have been developed by reengineering (Ranganathan and Dhaliwal, 2001). BPR derives its existence from various interdisciplinary components, though the four most affecting areas are Strategy, Technology, People and Organization (Peppard and Fitzgerald, 1997). A process is viewed as common framework, considering these dimensions.Michael Hammer and James A Champy were the outset proponents of this invention. They began by criticizing the rigid departmental approach in many organizations. In a series of publications The Agenda, Reengineering the federation, Reengineer ing the management, they argued that a single team that works under diluted responsibility and reporting structure would be more useable to the organizations. The result was the development of Cross Functional Teams. They later expanded their arguments to include Suppliers, Customers and distributors. Reengineering is very difficult to implement in an organisation. It causes widespread discomfort among the employees and commonly experiences a strong resistance to change. The primary reason being that, over the years, BPR has been used effectively by organizations, however, the first thing that BPR results in is the layoffs. BPR, though a powerful organizational thinking, has non been able to achieve the expectations for the spare-time activity treasonsThe primary assumption of the BPR system is that the single most factors affecting an organizational performance is the inefficiency of its operations. True, processes can of all time be improved at any level, but that doesnt mea n that they are inefficient.It disregards the status quo by looking at an organization from a clean state.It is not an effective tool to focus the improvement strategies on the organizational constraints.As a matter of fact today most organisations are facing great challenges in this regard and they are feeling the need to become more and more agonistical through a special focus on organisational design, knowledge management, hierarchical structures performance management as well as quality sustain. It has always been difficult to find a strategy that encompasses every aspect of this issue. Experts have suggested a number of strategies to manage changing times in organizations. The concept of BPR is one of the latest in this league. We have seen various facets of BPR earlier. Collectively, we can now define BPR as the fundamental rethinking as well as radical redesigning of the business processes that intends to achieve revolutionary improvements in critical aspects of the busines s with present-day(a) measures to improve various aspects of performance such as quality, service level, cost and speed (Hammer and Champy, 1993). As this definition suggests, it is desirable on part of the organisations to do off with their archaic practices as well as processes, policies, principles as well as structures that negatively affect the performance of the organization. That is why BPR is primarily about redesigning the processes within an organization (Balle, 1995). BPR can also be defined as the re evaluation or redesign of the firms business processes as well as organisational structures in an effort to achieve marked improvements in certain critical success factors namely cycle time, quality, productivity as well as customer satisfaction (Tapscott and Caston, 1993). This particular definition differs from the prior one as it makes a specific reference to the process (Poh and Chew, 1994). It can also be defined as the analysis as well as design of workflows and pro cesses inside the organizations.BPR is basically a tool for planning as well as controlling change (Morris and Brandon, 1993). It offers redesigning and improvement both in depth (i.e. organizational roles and responsibilities, organisational structure, use of technology, appraisal and incentives, shared values as well as skills) and in breadth (i.e. activities that are performed with long landmark goals in mind) (Hall et al., 1993). Some of the experts take it a step further and let off that BPR is just a part of the necessary steps in the radical alteration of processes (Davenport, 1993). So, there is a need for process innovation in BPR that can lead to new strategies and designs and mobilize both people and technology towards a singular objective (Poh and Chew, 1994). So, we can see that definitions of BPR vary for person to person but overall it involves a renewal of existing processes and mesh of technology as well as strategic thinking.Research intentionThe primary object ive of this study is to analyse how implementing BPR can improve process efficiency. BPR involves revamping a process function to a great extent. The process architecture and the associated quality manuals are changed. Implementing such an extensive strategy comes with high low-level formatting costs and time. Customer Service will also be unnatural during the transition period. I would be performing a cost proceeds analysis of the proposed BPR implementation. Secondly, many organizations have been using Business Modelling software based on the concept of Six Sigma. Six Sigma, though very instrumental in being able to improve operational efficiency, is very expert in nature. It is often criticized that it neglects the human factor in a business process and totally focuses on process automation. I have tried to show that BPR and Six Sigma can go hand in hand. These strategic initiatives are to be used by organizations in a complimentary fashion.Research ProblemThe research probl em that this particular study wished to investigate was to see how process efficiency can be improved within Argos. For that purpose, I worked in the operations function in one of the retail stores of Argos which was allocated to me by the company. I have adopted the principles of Project Management and Business Process Reengineering during this study in order to analyze and wherefore suggest modification in the existing structure. I have prepared a To- Be architecture of the process function, and compared it with the as -Is and proposed recommendations on how the process can be improved with the help of these understandings.Research QuestionsThroughout this study, I have sought to answer the following research questionsWhat are the menstruation drawbacks in the process utility within Argos?Argos has been successful and has done well over the last couple of decades in its field of operations. But that does not mean it has nothing to improve. With time, everything changes and henc e even the successful organizations must make certain changes. Moreover, the initial observation of the existing system and interaction with some of the employees there has given some ideas about what is lacking in the situation.How can BPR be used to improve process efficiency within Argos?Here the study will explore the fields that can be targeted for a BPR initiative. This can be the supply chain or the store layout or the organizational structure. It has to be seen which requires it the most and which would suite these procedures.What are the challenges involved?This study would also see the feasible difficulties in this implementation procedure and if possible, would try to suggest remedies for the same.How to manage service delivery during the transition stage? some other important issue is to ensure that the system does not become unproductive while going through a transition because it will have significant negative impact the business. So, it would be seen how to manage th ese issues.About ArgosArgos serves over 130 million customers growing at an annual rate of 20%. 26% of these transact online or through the phone. 18 million families or about two thirds of the English population have an Argos catalogue. It is amongst the most regard Brands of the UK and before being acquired by Home Retail Group, even feature in the FTSE 100 league (Antony and Banuelas, 2002). With over 170 different product groups, Argos is a revolution which has single handedly changed the meaning of cost effective retailing over the past decade. Offering home enhancement and public deal products, Argos works on an innovative business model. Customers can pasture through the entire catalogue online, buy and pay online. Alternatively, they visit any of the 700 branches, browse through the physical catalogue, check the product availability via the in fellowship kiosks with the product ID, order, pay and collect over the counter. Business turnwell-nigh at Argos happened in Mar ch 1999, when it was acquired by GUS plc (Antony and Banuelas, 2002) At that time, Argos was primarily a single channel, store based retailer, selling a smaller range of general merchandise, concentrated primarily on toys, jewellery, house wares and electrical. In 2000, Argos, the GUS home shop business, Reality UK operations were re structure to form the current business model. In 2000, a financial services wing was set up to offer assurance and warranty products to the customers of Argos.Argos is a pre-eminent retail brand in the UK and Ireland. The business runs by leveraging on the economies of scale. This is reflected by the fact that the average transaction size is just or so 30, while the transaction numbers are around 5 per customer in a year (Schroeder, 2003). Leadership in multi channel product distribution continues to be the prime forte of Argos and is the reveal differentiate to the customers shopping experience, as compared to the competitors, by enabling the custom ers to shop the way they want. Around 40% of the total sales are through multi channel internet and phone/ store for home delivery. The fastest growing channel, over the years, has been the online reservation for in store collection. The feature is available at every store.Business Process ReengineeringHaving explored multiple definitions of the business process reengineering, now let us see various implications of the same. Simply speaking, BPR is a basically a management approach that intends to enhance organizational performance by enhancing the competency of business processes across the organizations (Watson, 1993). BPR looks at the existing business processes remaining unattached to them and tries to determine how these processes can be aligned in order to optimise the ultimate performance of the business.Impact of BPR on BusinessThe prime actor of any business process is to improve productivity and lead to better profitability. BPR is also a way of reorganizing the proce sses within the business organizations in order to break the traditional barriers in various processes that have been built over the years and hence are very difficult to do away with (Hall et al., 1993). By this process of diluting the functional divisions, BPR makes the businesses more responsive, betters customer services and improves quality. BPR brings about visible structural changes throughout the organization and often obliterates existing frameworks (Hall et al., 1993, shin bone and Jemella, 2002). The conventional hierarchical thinking process is removed from the organizations and a process oriented view takes over the organization with the implementation of BPR. So, the work is now defined in terms of the set of processes instead of the functional boundaries in which they exist. This tactical shift can be attributed to changing business goals in recent times (Tonnessen, 2000). But it has to be noted that a tier of risk can always be associated with these changes. For ex ample diluting the functional barriers within an organization can disturb existing structure, confuse people and also effect insecurity in the upper echelons of the organizational hierarchy.The emergence and extrusion of Information Technology has also played an important role in development of BPR process. It has enabled sophisticated re-designing processes which were not possible earlier due to technical or resource limitations (Tonnessen, 2000). So, the business processes must be analyzed with look upon to the changes and improvements that IT can provide to them in order to solve existing problems. IT can also increase the value of the information exponentially by making it easier to collect, compose and categorize. Moreover, BPR ultimately redefines the job descriptions in the organization. It readiness also create a new breed of employees to handle new technologies and make some other breed of employees obsolete by replacing the manual systems with technology (Hall et al., 1993, shinny and Jemella, 2002). This is also a cause of concern because it leads to HRM issue like removing or re preparedness the obsolete employees. So, the employees must work as part of the team and should be empowered to take decisions. So, BPR also necessitates an effort towards building effective teams that work together with close co-operation and for that reason there must a system encouraging socialization and familiarization among the employees at various levels and functions within the organization.Now, let us have a look at some other important concepts that are closely related to BPR and can be useable in this whole process.Six Sigma The concept of six sigma was initiated by the Motorola Corporation in an effort to improve their quality measures by redacting the rate of take flight to about 3.4/million. Basically it meant that if they produced a million pieces of a certain item, there can be a maximum of 3.4 defected items in the lot (Linderman et al., 2002). It w as a marked improvement and in fact and audacious one considering the previous benchmark of For Sigma, which allowed up to 6,200 defects per million (Linderman et al., 2002). But it is not only hold in to reduction of errors and defects but also about the improvement of the process. It goes beyond the statistical tools as well as metrics it uses and becomes a philosophy that encompasses every activity within the organization and brings about overall improvement in productivity as well as profitability. This process generally includes five different stages namely definition and quantification of the problem, measurement of the performance and determination of the defect levels, analysis of data and performance of root cause analysis, improvement of the bill of defects and controlling the processes in order to ensure continuous sustenance of the improvements that have been achieved.The success and popularity of this concept can be attributed to several(prenominal) factors. It has re ceived widespread acceptance most because it involves the whole management, makes adjustments according to culture as well as employee attitudes, puts special emphasize on organization structure, boasts of standard training facilities on the six sigma methodology as well as the tools, enhances the skills in project management and links the quality control process to the overall business strategy, HRM strategy and customers satisfaction (Antony and Banuelas, 2002). It is also important to use the structured methods, pick the specific processes for implementation of six sigma improvements, employ specialists to work on it full time and relate the financial results as well as other business benefits to the bottom-line (Schroeder, 2003). Some researchers classify Six Sigma as a method of setting and achieving goals (Linderman et al., 2002) and hence emphasize on the importance of the clear and challenging goals that are strictly specified and make known to everyone involved. This also n ecessitates other efforts like performance appraisal, rewards, incentives as well as training for the employees to ensure the desired levels of performance.Six sigma was initially introduced in an effort to control the variations as well as the defects in the manufacturing processes. But over the years, even the service industry has employed it with a great degree of success. curiously the financial institutions as well as healthcare organizations have benefited by using this concept. Success of some iconic companies like Motorola and GE has made it a very significant development in the recent decades but it has to be seen that there are still a lot of many other companies have been dissatisfied with the results from their six sigma projects (Hammer, 2002). These failures have been attributed to the lack of participation of the customers as well as the supplier, lack of coherence with the overall business goals and the use of it just as a tool instead of a complete organizational improvement approach (Velocci, 2002). Also, some of the six sigma processes are not directly linked to the profit making functions of the organizations and hence are overlooked by the people (Velocci, 2002). Nevertheless, some researchers opine that six sigma is too analytical and less creative and hence we might not be suitable in every case.Benchmarking It can be defined as the process of perpetually measuring and comparing the business processes inside a certain company to the same in one of the leading organizations in the same sector. This is done in order to get a relative understanding of its own standards so as to identify the problems and implement improvements (Watson, 1993). The American Productivity Quality Centre (APQC) defines it as a systematic as well as continuous measurement process. It is a process of continuously measuring as well as comparing an organizations business processes against the business processes of the leaders in that industry anywhere in the wor ld so as to gain information that can help the organization in taking action to improve its own performance.Benchmarking can be describe as a more sophisticated version of reverse engineering of the successful free-enterprise(a) products. Since then, it has evolved as a process of continuous semblance and improvement in the process as well as strategic levels and also with a global point of view. There are several types of benchmarking that are being used in various organizations nowadays namely, internal, external, competitive as well as generic benchmarking (Watson, 1993). Photocopy pioneer dispel is often credited using this process in the late mid-seventies when it applied this benchmarked technique with its Japanese partners. Originating in US, benchmarking has gained worldwide acceptance around the world in the last few decades. In the UK, we have seen the initiatives like UK benchmarking index, and Cranfield Best Factory that have worked exclusively on this (Zairi and Ahm ed, 1999). The process of benchmarking at its core is a comparison between multiple organizations and their best(p) practices. As a matter of fact it is performing a gap analysis through benchmarking to understand the procedural and strategic differences between itself and another company that it sees as a successful one. Generally it is done between two companies and procedure is generally simple. But in an effort to reduce complexity, it might lose out on the nuances of the trade-offs that might exist between two companies. A spider-web diagram is a method that is more elaborate and it allows multi dimensional analysis and can analyze multiple aspects for different functions (Ahmed and Rafiq, 1998). There are other such tool but they are beyond the scope of this discussion. Irrespective of the tools used in the benchmarking process, some experts allege that it actually limits the levels of ambition. It just aspires to take the company to the level of the best one in the industry but it would not know how to surpass it. Also it is not behind to unanimously define the definition of the best in the industry because the best will depend on what criteria is used to decide and also on which year it is measured (Zairi and Ahmed, 1999). Also, there is an issue with the availability of proprietary information from the companies against which the analyzing farm is benchmarked. They might choose not to disclose specific lucubrate in order to maintain their competitive advantage and hence this act would not have much value (Pulat, 1994). Nevertheless, a lot of companies have been reported to have achieved significant development in their processes using this practice. Companies like Chevron, Hewlett Packard and Hughes Communications have publicly attributed their success to effective benchmarking processes and consequent transportation system of industry best practices.ReengineeringWe have defined BPR before. But there are many other aspects to the process of reeng ineering. It differs from most other process improvement approaches as it does not focus on the existing processes but tells us how they should be in order to achieve better performances (Attaran and Wood, 1999). The intention is not to change or fix the errors in the existing processes but to see whether they are necessary at all and if not then come up with a completely different framework (Zinser et al., 1998). So, the key principles reengineering are ambition, focus on the processes, evaluation and questioning of the fundamental assumptions within the organization and the processes, and use of information at a broader level in order to measure the processes (Peppard, 1999). There is also a need for integrating the redesign process with the corporate strategy as well as organizational visions of the underlying business. It has been implemented by several companies in the past with change degree of success. Nevertheless, both the service sector (Hall et al., 1993, Shin and Jemell a, 2002) as well as the manufacturing sector (Hall et al., 1993, Tonnessen, 2000) over the world has applied it. A success story are largely well documented and available easy in the public domain but it is difficult find the details of the failures and hence are very difficult to analyze (Attaran and Wood, 1999, Hammer and Champy, 1993, Zinser et al., 1998). So, we can say that an improper choice of the processes can result in the failure of reengineering. In general, experts suggest a bigger breadth and depth in the process meaning that they should include as many activities as possible to ensure that every aspect of the organization is improved through the process

Controlled Release Fertilizers And Nanotechnology Traces

Control lead run Fertilizers And Na n amylumnology Traces whiz of the closely significant problems of crop salad dressing by intermediate fertilisers is nutrient loss to env pushment which faces gobs of environmental and human health problems besides decreasing the efficiency of crop nitrification. As a consequence, controlled or sulky muster out plant foods go for been develop to chastise drawbacks of traditional plant foods. In this review roughhewn types of CRFs and both(prenominal) related c one timepts. Also, direction on polymer c e actuallywhere CRFs, varied preparation and different finishing exertion rules forget be studied. In addition, few features of nanotechnology and nano-hooeys in preparation of controlled rout fertilisers in previous works ordain be reviewed.IntroductionIn general, corrects must be supplied with nutrients du beleaguer the whole flora intent. In horticulture this is achieved by applying pronto soluble plant food once t o twice a hebdomad, for example. This anatomy of plant food industriousness is very labour-intensive and requires considerable specialist knowl adjoin, so as to select the sort out browse of application, appropriate time of application and correct root for the particular plants to ensure optimum plant turnout. With the use of s clinical depression or controlled descriptorling fertilisers the full amount of nutrients necessary for the whole vegetation period can be applied at the time of place or at the earliest stages of plant growth, in the form of a nutrient pool Also, about half of the applied fertilizers, depending on the system of application and s oil condition, is wooly to the environment, which results in the contamination of weewee 1.This kind of environmental concerns of feeding crops with traditional fertilizers has led to developing remit Release Fertilizers (SRFs) or Controlled Release Fertilizers (CRFs). SRFs or CRFs argon easy and safe to use. They qua il risk of incorrect fertilizer application. Also, they atomic number 18 labour saving and minimise nutrient losses by discaseing or fixation.The idea of producing SRFs was developed since 1963 by encapsulation of fertilizers by waxes. after(prenominal) that, these yields give been commercialized. There ar split of SRF and CRF brands. about of these products argon Scotts Professional with key brands such as Osmocote, Sierrablen and Osmoform. Aglukon and SunGro gritty society be likewise producing controlled vent fertilizers.Like oodles of scientific fields, land industry has been over shadowed by nanotechnology. Applications of nanotechnology in land includes agriculture crop remedyment, nano-biotechnology analysis of gene expression and regulation blur management, plant disease diagnostics, efficient pesticides and fertilizers, water management, bio do bying, post harvest technology, monitoring the individualism and quality of agricultural produce and precision agriculture. Efficient pesticides and fertilizers ar belatedly being developed in terms of nano-composite ground slow or controlled turf out fertilizers.victimization nanoparticles as reinforcing or cementing agent of polymer get alongings and also as beginning of fertilizers be features of nanoparticles which have been utilise in preparing slow anaesthetize fertilizers 2-4.FertilizersFertilizers are applied to soil to promote plant growth. They contain some undecomposed nutrients including macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which are added to soil in quantities from 0.2% to 4.0% (on a juiceless matter weight basis) and are to a greater extent essential than micronutrients. Micronutrients are elements which are applied to soil in much sm aloneer amounts, ranging from 5 to two hundred ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weigh. These elements could be boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn)5.2.2. Types of fertilizersFertilizers would be categorized from source of production and also from pardon properties details of view. All fertilizers could be thorough or celluloid from production source point of view. Organic fertilizers are naturally produced including seaweed, insect casting, manure, slurry, peat, humic acid, guano and brassin. They append slow outpouring of nutrient as they take up soils bacteria to be broken obliterate to needed elements. Also, they may improve the biodiversity of soil by supplying innate matters and micronutrients for organisms. Organic fertilizers are cheaper and safer than semisynthetic fertilizers.The main synthetic or mineral fertilizers which are the sources of nitrogen (N), potassium(K), phosphate (P) are carbamide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, phosphate rock, potassium chloride, super phosphates, atomic number 20 ammonium nitrate, potassium sulfate. Fertilizers could be in obscure form (NP, PK, NPK).The close important drawback of synthetic fertilizer is their long term sustainability. Also, they are more big-ticket(prenominal) in contrast to organic fertilizers 5.In addition, fertilizers can be categorized into ordinary and controlled egress fertilizers from wall plug properties points of view.Drawbacks of non-controlled release fertilizersOrdinary fertilizers leach to soil very quickly and most of them are not employ by the plants. consort to figures about 40-70% of nitrogen, 80-90% of phosphorous, and 50-70% of the applied normal fertilizer is lost to environment and cannot be use by plants 6. This rapid leaching allow for cause zealous of plants and growing in spurts. Also, the lost elements exit cause some serious problems for environment. Eutrophication, blue baby syndrome, soil acidification, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal accumulation, atmospheric effects are environmental concerns of ordinary fertilizers. Another result of quick leaching of fertilizer is rep eating the application of fertilizers which impart increase the m unmatchabletary value 5.Slow or controlled release fertilizersSlow release fertilizers or controlled release fertilizers are granules surface in a substance that reduce the releasing time of nutrients and eliminates need for constant saturation and higher efficiency rate than soluble fertilizers 7.Some of advantages of controlled release fertilizers are long availability of nutrients during growing-season, reduced loss of nutrients by doer of leaching, reduced cost and labor outlay, better storage and handling of fertilizer, reduced immobilization receptions in soil, reduction of nitrification reaction and nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and denitrification, ejection of seed damage because of high concentration of salts, elimination of leaf burning from high rates of applied fertilizers, better seasonal growth diffusion and better acclimatization in home or display environment 8.Differences betwee n slow and controlled release fertilizersAlthough there is not special going a elbow room between general function of CRF and the one for SRF, besides it should be mentioned that they are manufactured by different materials and techniques with different properties. In slow release fertilizers elements are present in fertilizers in a chemical form, which is not available to plants and they will be converted by physiochemical effects or microorganisms activities into nutrient forms in the soil. But in controlled release fertilizers elements are jammed in coat granules and are released through the conclusion over a certain period of time. Also, in SRFs nutrients available period is affected by a lot of factors such as water content of soil, pH, temperature, microorganisms operation and aeration. However, the longevity of CRF depends mostly on masking thickness and temperature of soil. Only close system is effective in changing pattern of nutrients release and a fixed coating th ickness control nutrients release. In CRFs declared release time refers to soil temperature of 20-21oC. Higher temperatures accelerate the element release and start temperatures trade name it longer 9.SRFs are fertilizers with a chemical structure which are inherently slow released. Some kinds of SRFs are Urea Aldehydes (UA) and Chelated Micronutrients (CM). viridity type of UAs is urea formaldehyde which is high nitrogen fertilizer. Starting release rate of UAs is high but it dies off slowly for 3 years. This kind of fertilizer depends on microorganisms to break it down for plant use. CMs are substances that hit firmly together iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. They slowly releases over a long period of time 8.2.4.2. Types of CRFs2.4.2.1. Sulfur Coated (SC)When simple treat is oxidized to its sulfate form, the product would be one of the nutrients which is essential for some plants and is normally mingle with other fertilizers. Using sulfur coating is also another way to p rovide sulfur while making slow release properties for a core granular fertilizer. As the sulfur containing materials like polysulfides or lingosulfonate are brittle and also give a low wetting of defects, they are normally manifold with waxes or plasticizers. Many formulas are available for SCs. Their release time is generally 3-4 months and the nutrient is released from SCs by microorganisms activity 10-14.2.4.2.2. Wax coat (WC) peerless of the methods of reducing fertilizer release rate is dispersing granular fertilizers with break up wax and because cooling the mixture below the warming point of the wax 15. Paraffin is one of the most utilise waxes as a coating for fertilizers. Paraffinwax is a white, tasteless, odorless solid, with a true melting point between about 47 C and 64 16. Other types of waxes are synthetic oil based, rock oil or mineral waxes. Waxes are normally used by an additive or a tackifier to make good sealing properties 17,182.4.2.3. Polymer Coated (PC )Polymer- cover fertilizers (PCF) represent the most technically advanced controlled released fertilizers. They include a water-soluble fertilizer core and one or more than one points of polymer. There are large varieties of polymers to coat the core fertilizer also the coatings point could be the same one or different. In PC fertilizers release of nutrients will exit by diffusion through a semi permeable polymer membrane. Water penetrates the coating and dissolves the core. Release rate can be controlled by varying the root word and thickness of the coating. In addition, pressure builds up can cause cracks to form, from which fertilizer passes into the soil 8.2.5. Review of different types of polymer cover CRFs2.5.1. Sole Polymer coat CRFs whizz type of polymer coated CRFs is the one that the fertilizer core which could be N, P, K or increase fertilizer, is just coated with one or more than one bed of polymer coating. In this case the polymer could be dis reply based or wate r-based. The application passage starts with dissolving the polymer in an organic solvent or water. aft(prenominal) dissolving, the coating will be nebulisered onto the fertilizer in a coating drum or fluid sleep together 19. Polymer coated fertilizers have some. One of them is that uniform and defect free coating will surround fertilize. The other is that the coating will be very goon and durable which is resistant against mechanical breakdown. Also, polymer coatings are biologically inactive so they will not breakdown by soil microbes.In most cases except for degradable polymers release of fertilizers will occur by diffusion through the polymer coat rather than through defects. In some other coated fertilizers like sulfur coatings there should be a flaw in coating to cause releasing of fertilizer.There are lots of examples for polymers which have been used in the writingss as coating for fertilizers. Some of them include dicyclopentadien 20, urea and urethane based 21-26, ep oxy based 27-29, polyvinylidene chloride-based latex 19 carboxyl-carrying ethylene polymers 30, biodegradable starch based 31, urea formaldehyde 32.However, polymer coated fertilizers have some week points. About solvent-based coatings exploitation large amount of organic solvents like toluene or xylene will accept to environmental concerns. These solvents are vapourisable and releasing them to environment makes some hazards for human health. Also, polymer coatings are more dearly-won than sulfur coatings because not only polymer materials are more expensive but also process and equipments which are used for production of polymer coated fertilizers are also more complex than equipments used for other coatings.2.5.2. Sulfur-polymer coated CRFsOne of most frequent coated fertilizers are the ones in which core fertilizer is covered by a layer of sulfur coating and a layer of polymer. Polymer layer can be the primer or outer(prenominal) layer. It means that sulfur layer in some r esearches has been the first layer and in some others the outer layer.Using polymers as coating is suggested method to get rid of drawbacks of sulfur coated CRFs. One of these drawbacks is very fast release of sulfur coated fertilizer in first few geezerhood after application. The other one is brittleness of sulfur coatings which may lead to some fractures during handling or storage and losing the fertilizer. Another problem is that sulfur coatings have a high surface tension with water and cannot provide enough wetting for a good diffusion 11, 13, 19, 28.The most roughhewn method for applying the sulfur coating is by dust. Molten sulfur enhance will be sprayed over a pre-polymer coated fertilizer granule 28,33.2.5.3. Wax-polymer coated CRFsThere are lots of researches foc using on making controlled release fertilizers using wax-polymer coatings. A wax layer has three major benefits. One is that they are applied over the polymer layer for decreasing the fracture opportunity of coating and the other one is for decreasing the amount of polymer and avoiding consuming lots of polymers to make the process cost effective. Also, they can eliminate imperfection of granules surface to make a good surface coating.Most common waxes which have been used in disk operating system of the art are C30 alpha-olefin and paraffin. Other petroleum products like lubricants and bitumen or natural products like canola oil, soybean oil, coconut oil and palm oil, also have been used.After melting the wax it will be applied by just mechanical mixing with polymer coated granules. Normally the polymer is thermoset to avoid any damages of polymer by the waxs high temperature in its melting point. The wax normally should have drop melting point from 50 to 120C. Wax is normally about 0.2% to 10 % by weight of fertilizer 17, 28, 34, 35.2.5.4. Filler-polymer coated CRFsAs mentioned before, despite lots of advantages of polymer coating to make slow release properties when such polymers a re used as a sole coating material the ultimate product would be expensive as you have to consume large amounts of polymer. Using mineral or organic fillers is one way to avoid using large amount of polymer. Also, in some researches fillers play the role of detackifier, to preserve adherence of coated granules to each other. In addition they are beef up agent of coatings 36.Fillers may be used either as a mixture with polymer to make a nano-composite polymer 37 or as a clear layer. The most common method is the latter in which the filler will be added by mixing with polymer coated granules before drying the granules. Most common used fillers are some very fine(less than 20 microns) inert inorganic materials like mud, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, kaolin, gypsum powderizeed limestone, talc, barium sulfate. Some other fillers like macerate cellulosic materials also have used as filler in combining with polymer 37-41.2.6. Techniques of applying polymer coatingAccording to previo us studies have been done, encapsulation methods of fertilizers can be carve up into three methods including in-situ, scatter and mixing.2.6.1. In situThis method includes formation of fluid sprinkling of the soluble fertilizer in a solvent and mixing the active source with monomers of a polymer coating. Polymerization will happen and depending on the method, granules or particles of fertilizers will form.Ni et al 42 have developed a double-coated urea fertilizer. For preparation of poly (N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) hydrogels containing urea (PCU), the monomer and a effect of urea in N-vinyl-pyrrolidone were mixed together. The polymerization was carried out at 65-C for 3 h. The resulting samples were vacuum-dried, milled, screened and stored. After that first coating was dried, sample and some amounts of urea were mixed with sodium alginate (SA) solution. Mixed solution was because added drop wise into 5% (w/w) CaCl2 aqueous solution and aroused constantly. The drops instantly tur ned into granules (about 4mm in diameter) because the SA in the drop was crosslinked by Ca2+ at once. The granules were filtered and dried in oven at 70- C. Then the granules were added to ethylcellulose ethanol solution. Multiple ethylcellulose (EC) coatings were fain by assiduity of the previously coated granules into the ethylcellulose solution repeatedly. Thus, EC-coated urea granules with different coating thickness were obtained.Hanafi et al 43, have coated a raise fertilizer by polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylamide (PA), natural rubber (NR), and polylactic acid (PLA) using in situ method. For encapsulation of entangled fertilizer with polyacrylamide the granules were added to the solution mixture of monomers. Then the polymerization reaction will start in existence of fertilizers. The thickness of the coating layer on the composite fertilizer granules, determined by SEM(Fig.2), gave PVC blend coated fertilizer the highest value of 3.04 lm, and the lowest was obtaine d by PA (2.04 m). chromosomal mutation in the characters of the polymers would be utilized in producing CR compound fertilizer that fit the requirements of growing plants.Hudson et al 28 used epoxy to coat the fertilizer. In this research the urea granules were charged to a pan and warmed to 95C. Then the heat contentated tallaw amine, 2-amino ethyl peperazine and biscarbolic acid A diglycidyl ether were mixed and were added to the granules. Meanwhile polymerization happened and active mixture was agitated till the fertilizer granules dried.2.6.2. Spraying methodThis method is most common method for coating application on fertilizer granules in state of the art. Usually, the solution of polymer in a able solvent is sprayed on the granule of fertilizer and then the granules are dried to remove the solvent through evaporation. The treatment is repeated as often as necessary until the coveted coating percentage is reached.Tomaszewska et al 44 have used spray technique for encapsu lation of fertilizers. In order to improve the properties of coatings, the granules of previously coated fertilizer (wet method) were sprayed with a polymer solution or pure solvent (N,N dimethylformamide). denseness of the polymer in solutions used for spraying was in the regurgitate of 13-17 wt%. Measurements of thickness, porosity of on the watch coatings and microphotographic observation of the coatings were taken. Fig.3 shows the cross section of double coated fertilizer.Ma et al 45 have developed a method for encapsulation of fertilizer with a egotism assembled coating. The fertilizer granules were heated in a orbitual drum to 75C for 10 minutes. Then the self assembling amphiphilic molecules (N,N-bisaminoethyl eleostearate) were sprayed over the fertilizer. After 20 minutes aliphatic isocyanates were sprayed over fertilizer. This process was repeated once again. The fertilizer kept for drying in the 75C for 20 minutes.Dai et al 46 also, have developed a controlled releas e fertilizer using a water soluble resin as a coating. The granular compound fertilizer was coated in fluidized bed.Lan et al 47, excluded(p) a double-coated slow-release NPK fertilizer with super kotowent and water-retention properties (DSFSW), whose interior(a) coating was chitosan (CTS), and the outer coating was crosslinked poly (acrylic acid)/diatomite-containing urea (PAADU). This prepared product not only has slow-release property but also could absorb a large amount of water and preserve the soil moisture at the same time. In addition, the outer coating (PAADU) could protect the inner coating (CTS) from mechanical damage. These were significant advantages over the normal slow release or controlled-release fertilizers, which generally have only a slow-release property. The results indicated that the DSFSW could be nominate an application in agriculture and horticulture, especially in drought-prone regions where the availability of water is insufficient. At first, the oute r coating containing urea diatomite (PAADU) was prepared. The NPK compound fertilizer granule was place into a rotary drum, and the chitosan powder was stuck on the granules by means of epoxy dissolved in acetone. The adhesive was applied by spraying at regular time intervals. The process was finished until compact and analogous coating formed on fertilizer granule. The coated granules were dried to a constant mass at room temperature for 6 h. Then the CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer granules were obtained. CTS-coated fertilizer granules were dipped in water and then were immediately rigid on PAADU powder and shaken. In this manner, PAADU could adhere to the surface of CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer and form the outer coating. The surface of the product was crosslinked by spraying methanol solution of epoxy chloropropane and then dried in a 70 C oven to obtain the final product which is a double-coated slow-release fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention propert ies.Hansen et al 26, encapsulate the granular fertilizer with the epoxy resin using spray method. In this research not coated fertilizer was placed in a rotating drum and pre heated to 250 F. A rapid drying solution of copolymers dicyclopentadiene and a modified vegetable oil were applied over fertilizer using spray in a fine stream of resin. concurrently hot air was passed through drum. Next monomers of second resin including a mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and polyester curing agent were applied over prepared granules. The solvent was a mixture of xylene and Cellosolve ethanoate.Hansen et al 29 also have used the above mentioned method for encapsulation of fertilizer with polyurethane. First of all the preheated fertilizer was coated by a synthetic drying oil. After drying the coating for a few minutes fertilizer were dusted by carcass. Then urethane solution in xylene and Cellosolve acetate was applied using spray.2.6.3. MixingIn this method granules are simply mixed with the coating at its melting point or with a solution of polymer in a commensurate solvent.Tomaszewska et al 48 used this method for coating the granular NPK fertilizer with polysulfone (PSF), cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The coating solutions were prepared by the dissolution of the solid polymer in commensurate solvent. The NPK fertilizer was successively added to adequate polymer solution, and was covered by a thin layer of the solution. Subsequently, granules were dropped into water, where the gelation process takes place. The coated granules were removed from the precipitation bath and then dried to a constant mass. The multiple coatings were prepared by immersion of the single coated fertilizer into adequate polymer solution, then into water and drying.Hon 37 has prepared the coated granules by mixing method. After melting the thermoplastic polymer by heating, the cellulosic additive has been added to melt resin. Then after allowing the temperature to dro p, for avoiding the fertilizer damage, the granules or powder fertilizer has been mixed with the prepared mixture using a Brabender Mixer.Markusch et al 49 just has mixed the fertilizer pellets with at first, a diluted polyol and then with a diluted isocyantae to make a polyurethane coating. Then the feretilizer were placed in oven for drying.2.7. Polymers used as coating for CRFsA broad range of polymers has been used in fertilizer coating. These polymers could be thermoset, thermoplastic or biodegradable.Some of common thermoset polymers are urethane resin, epoxy resin, alkyd resin, unsaturated polyester resin, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, silicon resin. Among them, urethane resin urethane is very common used 26,50.Thermoplastic resins are not very common used in art because of some problems. As mentioned before a very preferable method of applying polymers is spraying the dissolved polymer over granules. Either some of thermoplastic resins are not solub le in a solvent or make a very viscose solution which is not suitable for spraying. Polyolefine is used in art for coating the fertilizer granules 37, 51.Biopolymers, dispose in bioactive environments, degrade by the enzymatic action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae and their polymer chains may also be broken down by non enzymatic processes such as chemical hydrolysis. Non-biodegradable polymers are not environmental friendly. Due to environmental concerns there are some trends of successor non-bio with bio degradable polymers as coating material from 1970s. But it should be mentioned that they are expensive yet and not very cost effective. Also, in production process durability of polymer should be adjusted with release time of fertilizer.Among natural and synthetic biopolymers starch and cellulose based polymers, chitosan (a linearpolysaccharide), poly lactic acid and poly(-caprolactone) due to low cost and abundance are some of used biopolymers in fertilizer industry31,42,47,52-58Generally, polymer coatings are applied in a thickness which is suitable to make a desired controlled release property. impenetrableness could be related to characteristic of polymer and also it depends on existed porosity of polymer surface. If water vapor transmission rate of coating material is 0.01 to 20, coating thickness would be 1 to degree centigrade microns. Preferred coating thickness is 1 to 50 microns. Coating process could be repeated more than one layer to get desired nutrient release 39.Typical physical method for encapsulating fertilizers are spray coating, spray drying, pan coating, rotary disk atomization. Special equipments for these methods are rotary drum, pan or ribbon or paddle mixer and fluidized bed 59, 602.8. Investigation of release behavior of CRFsRelease mechanism of nutrients for different coatings is different. Thick encapsulated granules like sulfur coating will allow the nutrient to release when a flaw or rupture appears on th e coating surface. In this case, rupture will happen because of permeation of water into coating and interior osmotic pressure. Also, biodegradable polymers will release nutrients while destroying by soil microbes activity. In polymer coatings or combination of different coatings release will happen by diffusion of water through walls porosities. In this case release rate can be controlled by the particle size of coated granules, thickness of coating and permeability of coating surface.Also, changing the chemical composition of fertilizer core and also the coating will change permeability of coating. This means that even basic or acidic environment will change the permeability. In some researches when the coating has been starch-vinyl, increasing size of encapsulated granules has led to slowing down the nutrient release 61,62.There are some stock(a) test methods for measurement of controlled release properties. According To European standard the standard release time of N during 2 4 h should be 15%of total core nutrient. Also, release rate for 15 twenty-four hour period should be 75% of total nutrients. Also American and Japanese standards separate that the initial release shouldnt be more than 40% of total nutrient.According to European standards for measuring the release rate encapsulated fertilizer should be immersed in pure water at 25 C (room temperature) in incubated state 63, 64. For example Detrick et all 33 have investigated the release behavior of their product by immersion of 20 g of encapsulated granules for 8 h in water. After filtration of solid they dried the solid. Evaporation of water was done at century C for 8 hours. Also, Ma et all 21 placed 14 g of granules in wire mesh holder and then placed it into a jar with 300 ml water at 23 C and agitated it by an orbital shaker. Then, adequate water was taken for elemental analysis. Locquenghien et al 30 for investigation the slow release effect of fertilizer extracted some amounts of fertilizer continuously with water. For this purpose the granules were arranged in layer in a cylindrical vessel field with water. Water was passed through this layer and its nitrogen content was analyzed.2.9. Tracing nano-technology features in fertilizer industryReviewing literature shows that researches which have used nano-technology features in fertilizer industry are very rare. Nano-Clay is the most common nano-particle which have been used to produce CRFs. The main benefits of nano-clay particles in these researches are using them as source of urea or as filler for polymer coating.2.9.1. Nano-clay as carrier of ureaThe layered clays like montmorillonite and kaolinite are made of high aspect ratio nano layers. Large surface areas and reactivity of nanolayers is much greater than that of micrometer size materials. Also, their surfaces and interfaces provide an active substrate for physical, chemical, and biological reactions 65. Because of these features nanolayers could be a suitable carrier or reservoir of fertilizers. apparatuss which are involved in interaction between clay and organic materials depends on some factors like clay type, functional groups of organic material and physical or chemical properties of organic material. For example basic molecules cohere strongly to montmorillonite but anionic molecules show much weaker interaction bands. Also, for interpreter benzoic acid or anionic species are adsorbed on the edge face of clay or cationic( crystal violet) are adsorbed on the lowly plane.According to table 1 which shows different interaction of organic compound with clay, interaction between clay and urea could be through cation exchange, cation bridging and hydrogen bonding 66.Table 1Interactions between clay minerals and organic compounds 66MechanismMineral examplesOrganic functional groups involvedHydrophobic interactions (van der Waals)Any clay with neutral sites (e.g., kaolinite, smectites)Uncharged, non polar (e.g., aromatic, alkyl C)Hydroge n bondingAny clay with oxygen surfaces (e.g., kaolinite)Amines, carbonyl, carboxyl, phenylhydroxyl, heterocyclic compound NProtonationAlumino silicate edge sites, Fe and Al oxides, allophane, imogoliteAmines, heterocycle N, carbonyl, carboxylate,Ligand exchangeAluminosilicate edge sites, Fe and Al oxides, allophane, imogoliteCarboxylate, PhenolateCation exchange (permanent charge sites)Smectite, vermiculite, illiteAmines, ring NH, heterocyclic NpH-dependent charge sites (anion exchange usually, cation exchange rarely)Aluminosilicate edge sites, Fe and Al oxides, allophane, imogoliteCarboxylate for anion exchange, amines, ring NH, heterocyclic N for cation exchangeCation bridgingSmectite, vermiculite, illiteCarboxylate, amines, carbonyl, spirituous OHWater bridgingReviewing

Grammatical Tense And Aspect English Language Essay

Grammatical distort And Aspect side Language Essay filtrate and position atomic physical body 18 the most important grammatical categories for expressing sen ten dollar billce and temporal relations in side of meat. For me, I ordain sh be my experience Now I am an incline thatched roofer at Udonthani Vocational College. I t wholly(prenominal) galore(postnominal) side of meat years such as English for communication 2 , English Conversation , Business English .In each course I pick up taught 4 language skills such as listening skill, writing skill, disquisition skill and discipline skill. Students must escort perpetuallyy language skills beca go for English is very important . If you want to communicate English very hygienic you must practice 4 language skills. According to the topic 28 sift and brass They atomic number 18 very necessary in command grammar. Students must learn how to engage filtrate and aspect. I will teach every English course but I dont teach them each(prenominal) at the same measure. The aim of article of faith deform and aspect is to contain various linguistic approaches to the description of deform up and aspect in English Moreover the course description will be the focus of the ways of expressing register, prehistoric, future time. Now I will explain you slightly English course that I teach in this semester. Before start teaching I will study the course discription from the Vocational Education relegating curriculum. After that I will construc the course syllabus follow the the curriculum. I do the course outline by myself. Then I will study the content and provide the lesson which related the course description from legion(predicate) schoolbookbooks. I choose some content and combine to mavin book. For congressman I teach English for Conversation 2 (2000-1202) for the first course student in accounting field. I teach 18 Weeks in each semester. I must intention my teaching 9 building blocks (1 un it of measurement per 2 work workweek) I will choose some filtrate and aspect to teach in each unit . In unit unrivaled I taught about family . I will choose pass on extend of verb to be and verb to do. Students must realize the structure of Tense . How or when to use it? How to make Wh-question. In unit 2 I taught about holding a diary. Students must k now and understand by naive Tense. They jakes tell the story in the then(prenominal) . The most important subject before to teach teacher must prep atomic number 18 their teaching and lesson plan . Teacher must improve teaching method and strategies The teachers must know the meaning of tense and aspect and also had understanding .I will press out you the content as followWhat is Tense?The Definition of Tense (noun) a form of a verb used to indicate the time . Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time. There ar three briny principle of tenses . They are past tense , empower tense and future tense. I wi ll explain the meaning of each Tense. First, break Tense verb show something is happening right now or at the gift time. Second, Past tense verbs which tell about actions which happened some time ago are past tense verbs . Third, early tense mean verbs which tell about actions which are way out to happen are future tense verbs. Many languages use tenses to clack about time. another(prenominal) language have no tenses, but of course they can unperturbed lecturing about time, using different methods. I will talk about time in English with tense. For example Jirapon goes to temple. ( make Tense) Udom went to coach yesterday ( Past Tense) Suki will go to school tomorrow ( Future Tense)What is aspect?Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to time such as completion rod duration. Present childly and past straightforward tenses have no aspect. Aspect of all time include staring(a) Tenses and Progressive or day-and-night Tense .For example thoroughgoing(a)ive aspect ( be+ ing) My parents have lived in Udon Thani since termination October. I have canvass English since last course of study.Progressive aspect ( have+ past participle) They are reading newspaper in the room. David is washing his car at home. march on more there are 12 Verb Tenses in English . This is a chart ofactive verb tensesTensePast TensePresent TenseFuture TenseSimple I went to 7-11. She cooked dinner party yesterday. We learnt cut. I go to 7-11. She cooks dinner every day. We learn French I will go to 7-11. She will cook tomorrow. We will learn FrenchProgressivebe + main verb +ing I was going to Switzerland. She was cooking . We were learning French I am going to 7-11 now. She is washing dishes at the moment. We are learning French now. I will be cooking when you come. We will be going to Bangkok when the sun set.Perfecthave + main verb I had cooked breakfast when the phone rang. She has cook some(prenominal) meals.We will have cooked breakfast by the time our mother c ome.Perfect progressivehave + be + main verb + ing He had been cooking for 1 hour before he took lessons. He has been cooking for over and hour. He will have been cooking all day by the time she gets home.Time clues these are words that refund some knowledge about when an action occurs. Some examples areyesterday every daytomorrowwhilenow unsubdivided past undecomposable chip insimple futurepast progressive place progressiveThere are many words that are time clues some can be used to indicate a number of tenses, for instance that something happened in the past or that it will happen in the future. If you learn to recognize these time clues, you will find them very helpful. posting that some time clues can be used with more than one verb tense and also that this dodge is not a complete leaning of all the time clues that can be used with all of the tensesChart-Time Clues and Verb TensePastPresentFutureSimpleSimple PastSimple PresentSimple Futureyesterdaylast year/ calendar mont h/ etc.beforefor five weeks/days/etc.one year/ month agoevery morning / day / etc.always commonlyfrequentlysometimestomorrowtonightnext week/month/etc.soonin the futureProgressivePast ProgressivePresent ProgressiveFuture progressivewhilewhennowright nowthis week/minute/etc.whenafteras soon asbeforePerfectPast PerfectPresent PerfectFuture Perfectbeforealreadyby the timeuntil then/last week/etc.afteruntil nowsinceevernevermany times/ weeks/years/etc.for three hours/ transactions/etc/by the time you go (somewhere)by the time you do (something)alreadyPerfect ProgressivePast Perfect progressivePresent Perfect ProgressiveFuture Perfect Progressivebeforefor one week/hour/etc.sincefor the past year/ month/ etc.for the last 2 months/ weeks/etc.up to nowfor 6 weeks/hours/etc.sinceby the timefor ten days/weeks/etc.byFrom www.athabascau.ceaLesson Plan line of business English For Communication 2 Level Certificate 1 instructor Mrs. Sutida IntawaiText English For Communication 2 Lesson 4 Time 2 period..Objectives Students will be able to1.to inductively review both struture and call of basic tensesContentVocabulary Food, nationalities, dates and time, restaurantsStructures 1. Present simple tense2. Present ceaseless tense3. Present correct tense4. Present unblemished constant tense5. Past simple tense6. Past continuous tense7. Past perfect tense8. Past perfect continuous tense9. Future simple tense10. Future continuous tense11. Future perfect tense12. Future perfect continuous tenseFunctions 1. Talking about Tense and aspectTeaching procedures /ActivitiesWarm up / Lead in The teacher greets students and tell them that they are going to learn about outline goals for todays clan.Presentation1.Teacher opens the charts of structure of tense and aspect .Let them stroke the kind of tense and aspect.Practice1.Teacher divide students into groups of 2 to 42. seduce students take personal information quiz in groups3. Check answers as a class, ask students to quickly s peak about what they have learn about their fellow studentsProduction1. Have groups identify tense name calling used in question2. Give auxiliary verb exercise to students to be done individually3. Correct auxiliary exercise in classWrap upTeacher and students discuss and summarize about this unit together.Teacher suggests students for further study by searching for more information from other resources for example, internet , library , newspaper and Self Access acquisition Center in the college.Teaching aids/ fabricsChartAuthentic material newspaper , food menuTextbookEvaluation and measurement law-abiding the participation in classCorrecting the exercises individual(prenominal) noteLanguage Points favorable SentencePresent Simple (I do, work, like etc.)She works in the office. They talk about their project.Subject VerbI / We / You /They work talk use range watch doHe / She / It works talks uses plays watches does spokesperson I live in Nakonnayok but my sister lives in Prachinb uri.( We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the times) I walk to school. The museum open at 09.00 a.m. and closes at 05.30 p.m. Suda goes to work in the morning. He does everything that she asks.(We use the present simple with always/ never/ often / ordinarily / sometimes) We always travel by train. I often try to fix my computer. He washes his car every weekend. She usually carries her note book computer to work.Negative Sentences mould I dont + verb (present simple negative)Example Santa doesnt come. The racing car doesnt slow.Subject extension Verb + not VerbI / You / We / They don t workHe / She / It doesnt work I beverage coffee but I dont drink tea. The children dont play in the park. bloody shame doesnt go to the library. She drinks tea but she doesnt drink coffee.Question Sentence Pattern Do you.. (Present simple question).?Example Do they work? Does she work?Auxiliary Verb Subject Verb +?Do I /we / yo u / they work?Does He / she/ it work? Do you smoke? No, I dont. Do they speak English? Yes, they do. Does she work baffling? Yes, she does Does your brother live in Bangkok? No, he does.Worksheet 1Personal Information QuizWhen did you last see a film?How many times have you been abroad?What type of books do you like reading?When were you born?How long have you been learning English?What will the atmospheric condition be like tomorrow?What were you doing at 7 oclock yesterday even?What are your parents doing?Where are your classes taught?What are you going to do after this course finishes?What are the names of the tenses used in the above question?1. Present simple tense2. Present continuous tense3. Present perfect tense4. Present perfect continuous tense5. Past simple tense6. Past continuous tense7. Past perfect tense8 Past perfect continuous tense9. Future simple tense10. Future continuous tense11. Future perfect tense12. Future perfect continuous tenseFrom http//esl.about.comWor ksheet 2Complete the table using examples from the text in bodily process B1TenseAspectExamplepresent(no aspect = simple)continuousperfectpast(no aspect = simple)continuousperfectWorksheet 3Match the verb forms (1-6) with their main concepts (a-f)Verb formConcept1. present simplea. past import with present relevance2. past simpleb. activity or process, in progress in the past3. present continuousc. past state, event or habit4.past continuousd. present state, event or habit5. present perfecte. past event that happened prior to another past event6. past perfectf. activity or process, in progress in the presentWorksheet 4theme Simple present TenseExercise 1 Complete the text using words from the box.get up go have quiescence start finishI (1) early, at quarter to six, and (2) To work at about half past six.I (3) breakfast in a caf near my office, and (4) .. work at half past seven. I dont(5).. a big lunch, just a sandwich and a coffee, I usually (6) . work at about sixoclock. I (7 ) . home at seven, then I (8) dinner with husband. He loves cookingAfter dinner we usually watch TV, then I (9) .. to bed early. About ten oclock and(10).. for seven or eight house.In conclusion, Tense and aspect are still problem for Tai learners. There are many break when do they speak and confuse because they speak English similar Thai speaking. They have many problems such as word order and use tense mistake. For exampleI am not enjoy this film. Lets leave.What do you eating now?etc.So the teacher of English should set up their teaching and try to teach students learning by doing. Students will chance upon English language skill especially Tense and aspect from teacher as well.**************

Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay

further P atomic issuance 18nts And Solution rivet Brief Therapy Social Work EssayAbstractApproximately lx percent of churlren living in curative bring up solicitude, enter the brass with a diagnosis of mode pasture to severe mental health issues. These nestlingren, fit(p) in therapeutic nurture propertys, bear state unquiet appearances. dysfunctional deal skills on the part of the baby or separate turn up bring on appearances on the part of the c begiver can ca theatrical role a crises leading(a) to potential removal from the home. Solution focus apprise therapy, could increase the musical note of the blood surrounded by hold dear p arnt and child. bring up children and pargonnts can move over a disparity between the perception of a short letter and unlawful communication of opposing views may lead to crisis. Using tools and tenants of solution rivet brief therapy could decrease spatial relation disruptions. The design of this article is to ide ntify universal issues and challenges facing advance parents and children, and examples of noises using solution found therapy. The strength-based interventions, coupled with the latest bear witness-based genteelness, go away decrease side disruptions, and increase the potential of successful transitions from advance criminal maintenance. The article will discuss current evidenced-based interventions, and solution focused therapy as an surplus therapeutic approach. In this article, common issues and challenges facing nurse parents and children are discussed and strengths and limitations of implementing solution focused therapy techniques are explored.Keywords therapeutic Foster Care, Foster Parents, Foster Children, Solution cogitate Brief Therapy, TrainingFoster Parents and Solution Focused Brief TherapyAn estimated 541,000 children in America live in the shelter occupy system today (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Residential give-and-take fa cilities, psychiatric grouping homes, and boost/ kinship care comprise to the spiritedest degree of these let on of home placements. Therapeutic Foster Care, (TFC) is an additional type of turn up of home placement and is a specialized military service designed to dish children with special quests (Berika, 1999). These special inevitably range from emotional, cognitive, and physical/ health check and can serve as a step down between a residential discourse center and bring up care (Strijker, Oijen, Dickscheit, 2010). for each(prenominal) mavin specific type of out of home placement offers differences in the remainders and functions of cheer care and therapeutic cheer care are numerous. Maltreated children are placed in protect care primarily to receive protection, and stability. If the child exhibits the need for mental health or substance abuse therapy, the service is provided foreign of the home (Farmer, Mustillo, Burns, Holden, 2008). Transitioning statemen t from fc 2 tfc (on the other hand ) Therapeutic foster care combines the structure of a residential treatment readiness with the care and protection of the home environment. Fifty nine percent of children entranceway therapeutic foster care address serious levels of emotional behavioural issues and need rehabilitation (Hochstadt, Jaudes, Zimo, Schacter, 1987). Therapeutic interventions take place within the home, with the goal of integrating modernisticly acquired inter psycheal skills into the home environment, which are necessary for approaching family reunification.Multiple reasons exist facilitating the need to place a child outside of the home for treatment. High- guess family factors include poverty, divorce within the ready family, (Williams at all, 1990), biological parental mental illness, witnessing domestic violence, and anterior immurements within the immediate family (Johnson, 1989). The inability or unwillingness of the primary health care provider to care for the child is additional reasons for biological parental rights termination (Pecora, White, Jackson, Wiggins, 2009). Alternatively, the child may entertain been removed from the home due to neglect or poor parenting. magnetic ticker abuse by the biological parents, or even the young person themselves, are additional factors in the decision to remove the child from the biological home. Thus, due to numerous reasons, the young may have difficulty acclimating to new living situations.Children placed in therapeutic foster care go to exhibit poor coping skills, low frustration tolerance, and internationalizing disorders such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyper operation Disorder (Fiegelman Harrington, 1993). The behaviors that accompany such externalizing disorders may cause foster parents to experience empathy fatigue (Lipscome, Moyers, Farmer, 2004). Empathy fatigue is a leading cause for which a foster parent decides to surrender the fo ster child (Parker, 2009). This is known as a placement disruption or the childs unscheduled removal from the foster home permanently.Numerous publications report findings, that placement disruption has a detrimental effect on foster children. The American Academy of Pediatrics reported placement disruption, Hinders the development and healing solve of children (American Academy of pediatrics 2000). Placement disruption jeopardizes the opportunity for children to develop rely and secure relationships with bighearteds (Robertson, 1989). The act of separating a child from biological families induces sapidityings of rejection, guilt, abandonment, and shame, (Garland et al., 2000, Simm at el 2000) regardless of the reason. Multiple placements before the historic period of 14 are associated with high rates of evil in youths. Recent studies show a relationship between foster child placement disruption and the increase of foster care alumni homelessness, incarceration, and victimiza tion. (Courtney, Dworsky, Lee, Raap, 2009).According to the Midwest Evaluation of Adult operate of power Foster Youth, Far too many foster youth are not acquiring the aliveness skills or developing the interpersonal connections they need if they are to become productive young adults (Midwest Evaluation of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, 2010). Foster parents are to provide a rubber and nurturing home, which will instill interpersonal communication and effective life skills to youth. The government activity of the connection between the foster parent and the foster child needs is critical due to beliefs that foster parents would benefit from the use of solution focused based therapeutic techniques with the foster child as these techniques provide____________________________________.Multiple training programs have attempted to incorporate these skills within the juveniles daily routine (Price, Chamberlain, Landsverk, Reid, Leve, Laurent, 2008). controversy PREVIOUS M ODLES Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care is a strengths-based intervention promoting child and adolescent resiliency in youth exposed to bemagazines adversity. Application of MTFC within a treatment foster care home employs a point and level privilege system. Multiple studies show the military capability of using a reward level program (Fisher Chamberlain Leve 2009). A blink of an eye intervention model, which is a modified version of the multidimensional treatment foster care intervention designed for younger children is called keeping foster parents learn and supported (Price, Chamberlain, Landsverk Reid, 2009). Other models of worth mentioning.When a child faces the asymmetry of placement disruption, they do not have a consistent environment where they feel preventive to mature instead, they must re-adapt the new living situation. We suggest hobby the tenants and techniques of solution focused brief therapy in addition to the aforementioned foster parent training wil l increase placement stability. Training the foster parents in solution focused therapy techniques we believe they will assist the youth in befitting solution oriented. This new set of skills taught to the child, by the foster parent has the potential to increase the foster childs quality of life by decreasing placement disruptions.Solution focused therapy lends itself well as an additional element training of foster parents. Through a question and rejoinder conversation, it enables the foster parent to see the perspective of a given situation through the eyes of the child. Solution focused brief therapy is strengths-based and future oriented, magic spell still validating the persons experience (Littrell, 2006). Major tenants of this theory are (a.) interpolate is constant (b.) there is always an exception to the problem (c.) there are many ways of looking at a situation, all evenly important (Bannink, 2006/2010). It brings small successes to the child or foster parents awarene ss, and assists them in becoming solution oriented.This article will discuss several solutions focused based therapy techniques with examples of their coat. Scaling questions, including what identifies and increase or decrease of one point and the application will be discussed. Coping questions, which illuminates the caregivers and foster childs strengths, will be investigated. The use of language tool statements, such as You must have had a reason to, will be explored. The identification of the childs resources both internal and external will also be examined with examples illustrating the application.The implementation of solution-focused therapy to increase foster care placement stability has been used in residential therapeutic treatment facilities. In a recent study it was found during the first course of treatment, the youth were counseled using the techniques of Cognitive behavioral therapy. In the second course of instruction they were counseled using solution focused bri ef therapy. It was discovered, the number of disruptions from these youth decreased from mean equaling 6.29 (standard deviation equaling 3.6) to mean equals 1.45 (standard deviation .68), P In this article, we will discuss various emotional health rehabilitation needs of foster children referred to therapeutic foster care. A concise exploration of current evidence-based therapeutic foster parent training models highlighting their strengths and weaknesses will take place. The core tenants of solution focused brief therapy will be explored with the intent purpose of identifying specific interventions for use with this nation. Furthermore, examples of the preferred intervention techniques of solution focused brief therapy will be provided. Finally, the strengths and limitations of using solution focused brief therapy with this population will be discussed with suggestions for further look.I. Socioeconomic ramifications of child maltreatment.Neglecting the therapeutic foster care pop ulations has a debilitating effect on the economy.Homelessness (check tense and safe assign)In studies focused on homelessness in adulthood, placement in foster care in puerility or adolescence frequently emerges as a risk factor. 57 Fowler,P.J. 2009 For example a study conducted by the Casey add showed within a two year period shows homelessness for foster alumni exceeded 12.%, which is the rate for a single episode of homelessness amid US adults. One fifth of the adolescents pickings part in the study experienced chronic homelessness. 86 unknown Homelessness in adolescence and young adulthood has been shown to be associated with elevated risks of a number of negative outcomes. 57 Fowler,P.J. 2009 These services need to begin earlier, to be extensive to all eligible children in foster care, and to remain available until origin foster care youth have attained stability as young adults (Kushel et al., 2007 Pecora et al., 2006).Research findings indicate that services need to begi n primal when a family first arrives at a shelter or the child first enters foster care, particularly since early intervention for young children can reduce the magnitude of trauma and subsequent problems later on in life 80 Dozier M Higley E Albus, K Nutter A. (2002) Housing instability was related to emotional and behavioral problems, physical and sexual victimization, criminal conviction, and high civilise dropout. From this information Fowler concluded adolescents transitioning from foster care are at considerably higher risk of homelessness 57 Fowler,P.J. 2009A.1 Maltreatment leading to out of home placementSixty four percent of cases involved in the child public assistance system are due to parental neglect. hardship to attend to the childs physical, emotional, or educational needs may cause severe, great term mental challenges.Domestic violence in the childs presence familial substance use that interferes with parenting abilities, Physical abuse (16%), sexual abuse (9% ), and mental maltreatment (7%) are other reasons children are reported to child welfare.(72 Leve, L.D. 2009b. Needs of Those in Therapeutic Foster CareCharacteristics of Those in Foster CareSocial and Academic HealthChildren involved in the foster care system are at a higher risk of low academic performance and school failure. Children facing challenges, usually present with psychosocial problems at a substantially increased rate than the general population. These range from impulse control, to Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, to conduct disorders which maturate during young adult hood and beyond. Children who fail to develop successful associate relations during school entry are at increased risk for conduct problems, peer rejection, and academic failure throughout childhood and adolescence 91 Anonymous 200124 Egelund, Tine 2009 emotional and behavioral problems, exposure to physical and sexual abuse, adolescent pregnancy, incarceration and high school dropout. 57 Fowle r,P.J. 2009A preponderance of children in the welfare system have been identified as experiencing cognitive delays as evidenced by the Denver Developmental Screening Test II 91 Anonymous 2001. This is the most widely used psychometric test apply for this young population. Early behavior problems among children placed in foster care have predicted delinquency, substance use, and sexual behavior 6 years later 62 Linares,L.O. 2006Medical and Physical healthThe gravity and extent of the health care problems facing abused and neglected children are truly alarming. undertake underlying neurobiological systems are influenced by types of adversity witnessed by children in the system increase risk for negative outcomes. These include common childhood diagnosis are at uncommon levels such as ADHD, disruptive behavior, anxiety, and affective disorders.72 Leve,L.D. 2009Studies observed increased shifts in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA Axis, a endocrine affected by cortisol imbalances . This hormone controls reactions to stress and has been discovered among children experiencing stress in foster care. Increased atypical diurnal cortisol levels74 Pears, K.C. 2008 are known to be higher especially among young egg-producing(prenominal) children who have experienced biological caregiver neglect 70 Fisher,P.A. 2007.standardized to the HPA axis studies, problems with executive functioning are more common in foster children than in the general population 74 Pears, K.C. 2008. However therapeutic interventions designed for foster children may validatingly affect the HPA axis activity as it has been noted decreasing stress decreases the levels of cortisol70 Fisher,P.A. 2007. (More research needs done) Fisher Suggests interventions which decrease stress levels of younger juveniles in out of home placements may produce increased outcomes on the social cognitive level and increase the functioning of an neurobiological systems.95 Fisher,P.A. 200872 Leve,L.D. 2009d. reclamat ion NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN FOSTER CAREEVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONSEvidence-based interventions were formed and assessed to supervise the psychological and physical welfare of children in foster care. Stress inducing behavior on the part of the parent can cause disruptive behavior in the foster child which leads to early termination from the home. Maladaptive coping skills of the child that havent been rectified affect the childs relationship with their caregiver and over time start to give negative connotations to authority figures. Implementing the interventions has shown a decrease in the need for extraneous mental and physical health care by increasing the probability of attaining placement stability. Interventions must target young hatful while they are still in foster care, before the age of 17 years, to ensure connection to services such as tuition fee assistance, employment training, and health insurance. 57 Fowler,P.J. 2009ModelsMTFCThe MTFC model acknowledges and identifies the affect of emotional hardships on the physical and psychological missing word of the foster care population. It originated in 1983 in response to an Oregon State request for proposals from the juvenile arbiter system to develop community-based alternatives to incarceration for adolescent placements in residential/group care. (Leve,2009) This model gives an evidence based solution to strengthen the self-esteem of the foster children and teach them resiliency to improve behavioral problems. Additionally, consistent with research on resiliency, the model now incorporates key positive individual and interpersonal relationships, adaptive neurobiological functioning, and adaptive social behavior. (Leve, 2009)How it worksThe MTFC intervention teaches caregivers how to give positive mentoring, improve parental skills and the importance of consistency through training, supervision and the physiognomy of a skills coach. MTFC was selected by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquenc y prevention (Elliott, 1998) as 1 of 10 evidence-based National Blueprints Programs was selected as 1 of 9 National Exemplary Safe, Disciplined, and Drug-Free Schools model programs was highlighted in 2 U.S. surgeon General reports (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000a, 2000b) (Leve,2009) These reports recorded government savings, showed overture of behavior in child, and helped stress level of caregiver. State Public constitution group reported a $32,915 cost savings in 2006 to taxpayers for each (Leve,2009) In order for the intervention to be effective, the foster child needs positive reinforcement, individual and family therapy, along with social skills and academic mentoring.The teamThe skills coach is conditioned to focus on beneficial skills and actions rather than past behaviors or problematic situations. The foster parents and program supervisor work together to conservatively monitor youth adjustment in the classroom. (Leve,2009) Classroom observations a nd evaluations allow the caregiver to evaluate behavioral changes without excessive amounts of external influences in a impersonal setting. These caregivers are taught to use the same incentives or point systems employed in the foster home to provide positive feedback and brief, non-emotional consequences for problem behavior. (Leve,2009)The consistency from one environment to another eases the transition process for the foster child. Positive outcomes, including the likeliness of achieving permanency ( this effect is particularly marked for children who have had multiple prior foster placement failures), childrens attachment to caregivers, foster-parent stress levels, older childrens delinquency and antisocial behavior, participation in school and subsequent time incarcerated. (Fisher P.A. 2009)

Introduction Of Vodafone Company

Introduction Of Vodafone friendshipVodafone Company has a long way since them feature the first ever mobile call on 1 January 1985. straightaway Company operating with to a greater extent than 371 million customers around the worldly concern. A subatomic mobile operator in Newbury has grown as a spheric business and the seventh most valuable brand in the world. flat run its operation in more than(prenominal) than 30 countries and partner with net manoeuvres in over 40 more. CUsersuserDesktop7.jpgIn this connected world, its no longish just about being able to talk and text. Vodafone ne cardinalrk allows citizenry to sh atomic number 18 their images and videos as soon as theyre captured. In 1991 Vodafone company make worlds first international mobile roaming call, and very recently introduced Vodafone Money move which allows emerging market customers to s abate and receive money safely and easy using their mobile promise.1.0.1-MissionWe result be the communications le ader in an increasingly connected world1.0.2-VisionUnleash the power of Vodafone to transform societies and modify sustainable living for all1.1-Introduction of Lanka campanaLanka Bell is a world class Telecommunication operator that provides best quality service to businesses and its residential customers. Lanka Bell was started in 1997 in spite of appearance an investment of over US $ cl million. CUsersuserDesktopla.jpg1.1.1-VisionBe Sri Lankas premier Next generation communication reading Solution Provider1.1.2-MissionTo provide innovative next generation scientific solution by identifying and meeting customers need better than any opposite industry player, while maximizing the growth of our business for the benefit of our mail holdersOrganization swayion of Vodafone Company mathematical assemblage CEOChief of staffs natural Communication get on with of DirectorsEuroperadical External AffairsGroup LegalGroup HRGroup FinanceGroup Techno-logyGroup Comm-ercialStrategy Bu siness Develop-mentAfrica, Middle East Asia PacificA Departm-ent for for each one CountryA Departm-ent for each CountryStructure of Vodafone Company hyaloplasm grammatical construction is a type of perplexity system that workers report more than one person, in force(p)ly having more than one supervisor at the similar time.As the structure of Vodafone Company they follow matrix structure. hit the books more How to Define matrix Structure eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/how_4423113_define-matrix-structure.htmlixzz25WQ3YFvrSome features of Matrix StructureThis structure allows focusing on their aras of expertise for the supervisors. And functional supervisors could focus on hiring, educate and managing employees in their field and project supervisors dissolve focus on come upon the goals of specific projects or products.Allows employees from different departments to come together temporarily to work on special project aggroup.Provides flexibility to respond quickly to a custom er need by creating a team of people who consecrate all of their time to a project then return to their departments or join a new project team.CultureAs a Vodafone Company they following Task socialisation, task socialization works as selecting a team to complete a particular task. This is one of the effective ways in todays modern business world to complete a task to date.There atomic number 18 benefitsThey can make decisions inwardly team membersThey feel valued because they selected within the teamThey drop full righteousness to bring the task flourishing endTeam members feel moved because they are empowered to make decisions.http//www.learnmanagement2.com/culture.htmOrganization structure of Lanka BellBoard of DirectorsManaging DirectorOther Staffs LaborersSenior Staffs habitual Manager-Information TechnologyDeputy General Manager-Credit controlGeneral Manager- Enterprise International BusinessGeneral Manager- adept OperationsGeneral Manager-Admin LogisticsGeneral Manager- LegalStructure of Lanka Bell confidenceIts an assumption that Lanka Bell is using serviceable structure.Lanka Bell structure is establish on Functional structure. This is one of the most common structures using within the company, this structure consists of units and departmental groups identify by specialty. Such as engineering, marketing, finance, gross sales and benignant resources that are controlled by the top level of management.Some advantages of Functional structureSpecialization- each department focuses on its own workAccountability- individual is responsible for the sectionClarity- know your and former(a)s rolesEasy to focus on wizard product or serviceCreates teamworkCreates a career ladderRead more The Functional Structure of an Organization eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/about_6134117_functional-structure- government.htmlixzz25cK37j32CultureLanka Bell culture is based on power culture. In power culture is influenced by key people. In this type of culture all the decisions are do by key people in the organization. Hence, manger is the person who impart canvass the decisions. To adopt this culture its central all the employees need to make better relation with each other. In another hand mangers and elderly management never consult form employees while taking decisions. This end up most that employees get de-motivated because, of not consulting.Relationship between an organizations structure and culture can have on their performance of Vodafone Lanka Bell. organizational culture and structure have a dependent relationship with one another. And these are one of the most important elements that need to successfully run the organization. Organizational structure is the way in which arranges management of the company and power lines. As based on Vodafone and Lanka Bells structure and culture, it has difference between two companies. Vodafone uses Matrix structure and task culture, and Lanka Bell uses Functional structure and power cul ture. dexterity of structure and culture of Vodafone CompanyMaximizes co-operation and communication among team members.Freedom and self-reliance to take responsibility for their work activities.Having opportunity to achieve companys goals as a team.Strength of structure and culture of Lanka Bell CompanyEach and every(prenominal) staff has specific task to completeEvery staffs are destine for their roleIt will be easy to take decisionhttp//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-organizational-structure-and-organizational-culture.htmHow organization surmisal underpins the employment of managementOrganizational theory used in many aspects of a workss business. In every organization, many staffs they suppose the theory help them become better on their jobs and more successful in their life. Although this may lead them having to sacrifice any(prenominal) of their main beliefs in order to succeed. One example of organizational theory in the pecuniary sector would be a n employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition someone in a compassionate resources sector will have to make decisions through and throughout their working day that will definitely change the structure and practice of a working day for all other staff in the company.http//management.blurtit.com/q7346416.htmlDifferent improvementes to management used by the Vodafone and Lanka Bell. kind-hearted Relations Approach.Human relation approach has been followed by both companies. Lanka Bell and Vodafone. Professor Elton Mayos (1880-1949) research, human action or group relationships effects the productivity and it increase the need of the employees. So as far as this approach concerns Vodafone allows more human interaction as they practice little bit of team approach within the company, to a fault their department have coordination. However, Lanka Bell human interact is limit to some extent as they have divided into reveal division. Each division will work separately to achieve its target, more often divisions may deviate from the organizational goals as they work as separate divisions.System ApproachSection2Different leading fashions in Vodafone and lanka bellAssumptionIts an assumption that Vodafone is using democratic lead and Lanka Bell is used in Autocratic lead style.Democratic leadersAccording to Vodafone Companys information it shows that the company is following democratic leadership style. In democratic leadership style manager will never take a decision without consulting to subordinates. This means that employees get a chance to express their ideas to the management level. Democratic leader ship also helps employees to share their ideas among the team. magic spell team member will feel good in the working environment, as they will also looking benefits this leader ship style also can lead for better ideas and knowledge. Leads to higher productivity among group members.Autocratic leade rship styleThe leadership style used in Lanka Bell is Autocratic and this not a modern style. As authoritarian style manager retains more power as well as decision making authority. In this style staffs they do not have their role in decision making and they are not allowed to concur input. So this style is not good for work as a team. And this is one of the best leadership style that can use in situation where control is necessary.Section2Significant technological find has taken place last week that affects both Vodafone and Lanka Bell and also the industry as a whole. Discuss the impact that different leadership style may have on motivation of employees of Vodafone and Lanka Bell in this circumstance.This is an assumption that 3D mobile phone has been introduced.Last week orchard apple tree has been introduced Glasses-free 3D I phone to the market. And this is the first 3D mobile phone that could use without glasses. So many of the mobile service provider in the world are plann ing to upgrade their network for the new technology, accommodates Vodafone and Lanka Bell.Vodafone CompanyAs the Vodafone Company they are using democratic leadership, so their staffs are having wide participation in decision making and it is not a difficult for the management of Vodafone to get new idea from the staffs.As a result of democratic leadership styleIt increase staffs motivation and payload to the decision madeIt helps employees strengthen their professional development by take part in dialogues.And also it helps to improve job satisfaction.By having group discussions which can offer useful ideas. And management put trust in employees and they uphold them to make decisions. So it will be easy to motivate staffs through democratic style.http//www.skills2lead.com/democratic-leadership-style.htmlLanka Bell CompanyAs the Lanka Bell Company, they are using high-and-mighty leadership style. So its not easy to motivate their staffs as compare the democratic style. Because Company decisions are taking by management level and there are no involvements of company staffs.In autocratic leadership styleIn autocratic leadership, staffs participation is limited in most aspects of work. And also they have no particular responsibilities so it will be difficult to motivate Lanka Bell staffs in breakthroughs wish this.Staffs that working middle management and lower management should follow the decisions taking by manager or Ceo.One of the main features of autocratic style is Managers or senior staffs do not trust staffs, and simply they give orders that they evaluate to be obey. So staffs feel that they do not have freelancer working environment. Because of this management faces difficulties to motivate the staffs.Section-3Apply different motivational theories within the workplace of Lanka Bell and compare themMaslows Hierarchy of NeedsAs Maslows theory every human must need five basic necessitate, it include physiological needfully, safety need, love or so cial needs, esteem needs and self- actualization. If Maslows theory applies in Lanka Bells lower level workers could be motivated by having them their basic needs such as wage. If the company offers good salary workers would show their maximum. And also its very important to provide warrantor like insurance and retirement benefits. To motivate workers there are some other factors that can affect social needs, status needs and self-fulfillment needs.Frederick Herzbergs deuce factors theoryFrederick Herzbergs theory is depends on main two factors, that is needal factors (need for person-to-person growth) and Hygiene factors (need to avoid unpleasantness). As Lanka Bell they have applied motivational factors as that their employees by having challenging tasks and by recognizing staffs achievements. And also by having good salary and providing very well working environment.Comparison of two theoriesAs Maslows theory it is based on the hierarchy of human needs and identified five (ph ysiological needs, safety need, love or social needs, esteem needs and self- actualization) priority basis and their satisfaction in motivating employees. But agree to Hertzberg theory he refers hygiene and motivating factors in his theory. Hygiene factors are dissatisfiers while motivating factors motivate subordinates. And it is not included hierarchical arrangements.Motivation theory for managers of Lanka Bell, and evaluate it usefulness in carrying out their job responsibilities efficaciouslyAfter the research did for identify the best motivation theory for the Managers of Lanka Bell Company, it shows one of the best and effective theory for every one (workers and Managers) is Frederick Herzbergs two factor theory. It includesHygiene factorsMotivatorsHygiene factorsAs the workers, there are some factors that should be fulfilled for the managers better than subordinates. Such as salary, job security and working conditions. By offering good salary and other benefits to the manag ers they would motivate employees to work hard and they would feel they are one of the most important assets of the Company.MotivatorsAs Herzberg theory there are important factors (motivating factors) act as forces of job satisfaction. With these factors it makes managers and staffs happy with their jobs because they serve mans basic needs for psychological growth. In Herzberg theory these factors are five and are called motivators.Motivating factors are operationRecognition for AccomplishmentIncreased ResponsibilityOpportunity for growth and breedingCreative and Challenging work