Esperanza Rising Book Review

Lesson 97 Book Review Esperanza Rising Author: Pam Munoz Ryan (2000) Page Length: 262 Reading Level: 5-7 Genre: Realistic Fiction PLOT SUMMARY: As the story begins, Esperanza Ortega, the daughter of Sixto and Ramona Ortega, rich land owners of the Rancho de Las Rosas, is living in Mexico. Esperanza is six years old and loves spending time with her father who teaches her how to be patient and feel the earth. The story, set right after the end of the Mexican Revolution quickly moves to six years later, on the eve of Esperanza's 13th birthday. Esperanza is anticipating her father's arrival home after a long day at the fields.However, her father does not return and Alfonso, the boss of the field workers, delivers the bad news to Esperanza, her mother, and abuelita that her father has been ambushed and killed by bandits who roam the fields. Many people come to mourn Sixto Ortega's death and give their condolonces for their loss. Esperanza’s two uncles, Tio Luis and Tio Marco come e very day to â€Å"sort† through her father’s paperwork. They bring the news to Esperanza’s mother that they have inherited the land and that she can remain on the ranch only if she agrees to marry Tio Luis. Tio Luis, the local bank director, plans to send Esperanza away to boarding school.After their house burns down to the ground, Ramona takes action to protect herself and her daughter from Tio Luis. Ramona tells Tio Luis that she will marry him to stall him from acting up on his threats. Ramona and Esperanza must leave abuelita behind her ankle when the house burned down. She decides to move to California with Alfonso, Hortensia, and Miguel to find work and a build themselves a better life. Ramona plans to work in the fields helping with the various crops that are grown in California. This offers a better life to Alfonso’s family, but not to Esperanza and her mother.They are leaving a life of prominence, luxury and wealth to live with their former emplo yees in dirt floor cabins. Esperanza has a very hard time dealing with the loss of her father, separation from her grandmother and living in poverty. All the people of the camp know her story and she is ridiculed by some of the girls. She quickly learns to do household chores and to help watch the twins. After her mother becomes ill, Esperanza starts to work so she can pay her mom’s hospital bills and support herself. She works hard and saves her money so that she can bring her abuelita from Mexico to California to join them.Miguel who worked for her family all of his life risks it all to bring her abuelita to California. â€Å"Esperanza Rising,† by Pam Munoz Ryan, tells a story of hope and survival. Through many trials, Esperanza learns about the important things in life. REVIEW: I enjoyed this book very much. It is highly recommended. It is a story of set in the United States during the Great Depression Era and it shows how Esperanza overcame the obstacles of living in a new country despite losing everything. The book is written in English, but several Spanish words are used, which would be good to use in vocabulary development.Pam Munoz Ryan has described this book as being based on her own grandmother’s Esperanza’s life in Mexico and the United States. As a child, her grandmother would talk about her life in the farm camps. These stories inspired the book Esperanza Rising which tells a story of hope and survival. This book has an interesting story line and real-life characters. It brings forth the struggles of Mexican immigrants, racism, difficult and substandard working and living conditions of migrant farm workers in San Joaquin Valley, California and the history of the Great Depression.

Battle with Skin Cancer

While eagerly awaiting the end of High School, in the year 2005, my world disintegrated. I was in the last Semester of High School when I was diagnosed with stage 3 Skin Cancer.In the US skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer and malignant melanoma, which constitutes one of the most virulent forms of this disease. The incidence of this disease has been continually on the increase.Moreover, there has been a drastic increase in its occurrence. The annual death toll due to this disease has been estimated in the thousands (The Burden of Skin Cancer, 2006).Basically, skin cancer can be classified as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. The latter two forms of the disease make the patient quite ill and if ignored, result in significant mutilation and harm.The deadliest form of this disease is melanoma, which is responsible for around three – fourths of the deaths that occur in the US due to skin cancer. The principal culprit for this disease has been identified as exposure to the ultraviolet rays emanating from the sun. In addition, it is possible to develop skin cancer if over exposed to sun lamps and tanning beds (The Burden of Skin Cancer, 2006).Skin cancer is categorized as stage 0 or that which affects the epidermis, stage 1 cancer that is around three fourths of an inch in diameter, stage 2 where the affected area is greater than that in stage 1 and stage 3 in which the disease has spread to the tissues.Finally, there is the stage 4 cancer, wherein the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. In general, such cancers are detected and treated before they reach the third stage. Early diagnosis of this malady makes it possible to effect a cure. As such it entails the excision of the affected parts (skin cancer , 2008).I was unfortunate in being diagnosed with stage 3 skin cancer. Due to my comparatively, tender years, I had not encountered any major crises in life. This diagnosis was veritably like a bolt from the blue. However, after the initial despondency, I steeled myself.The endless visits to the health care professionals, the seemingly interminable treatment sessions and other therapy sessions occupied most of my time.I lost a lot during that time and I was constrained to discontinue further education for a period of two years. Now, by God’s Grace, I have recovered completely and I am eager and enthusiastic to study in college. In a way this disease proved to be a blessing in disguise, because it taught me forbearance and courage in adversity.I have developed a very strong and positive attitude towards life. I view even the small blessings of life with deep gratitude. I no longer consider any task or venture as being too difficult to accomplish or succeed at. I am confident that I will complete my college education successfully and make it to the Dean’s List.Referencesskin cancer . (2008). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago: Encyclopà ¦dia Britannic a.The Burden of Skin Cancer. (2006, March 27). Retrieved January 3, 2008, from National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/skincancer/facts.htm

Money and happiness in the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Money and happiness in the attachment - Essay Example The paradox was mainly used to support the argument that a general increase in economical growth by a country, would not necessarily result in increased satisfaction levels by its citizenry (Leonhardt 2008). The argument supported by this paradox, was further supported by research that happened to prove that during the resultant aftermath that followed soon after World War II ended, the economy of Japan underwent a rather significant boom with the general economy’s output growing by an average of about sevenfold between the years ranging between 1950 an 1970. This staggering economical growth caused Japan to eventually become one of the world’s richest nations (Leonhardt 2008). Despite the massive economic growth witnessed in the country, polls conducted in Japan showed that the country’s citizenry appeared to become increasingly dissatisfied with their own lives. According to the results of one poll, the overall percentage of persons who happened to provide the most positive of the given possible answers pertaining to the level of satisfaction they were experiencing in their lives actually fell from the averages obtained during the late 1950s through to the early 1970s. It was evidently clear that although the people were richer, they were deemed to apparently not be happier. (Lee & Dwight 2006). The results of this Japanese anomaly are inherently somewhat flawed and money can result in happiness. The truth of this statement was verified by efforts of research conducted by two economists from Brookings Institution in Washington, Mr. Wolfers and Ms. Stevenson who discovered that the original research questions had changed and the most positive answer option that was given by the pollsters was one suggesting that although the respondents weren’t completely happy they were satisfied with their life as it were at the moment. Mr. Easterlin is quoted as writing that â€Å"it can generally

6.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

6.2 - Essay Example In this method, there is classification of polygon features through coming up with breakpoints. At the end, there is equal total area of all the polygons (Palumbo & Società Italiana di Statistica, 2010). The other model of data classification is the equal interval model of data classification, where there are equal data ranges in the classes used for classification. This means the number of data classes is used as the basis for dividing the whole set of data. The result is that there is an equal interval occupied by each of classes used for classification. This method is preferred since there is ease of interpretation. The comparison between the categories used for classification is that there are equal data sets that result from the classification. In addition, data classes in the classified data tend to be equal. The difference between these two methods of data classification is that interpretation of the classified data tends to vary. In equal interval method, data interpretation is easy while data classification in equal area model, there are challenges when it comes to interpreting data (Palumbo & Società Italiana di Statistica, 2010). Palumbo, F., & Società Italiana di Statistica. (2010). Data analysis and classification: Proceedings of the 6th Conference of the Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Società Italiana di Statistica. Berlin:

Nuclear Energy and the Environment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuclear Energy and the Environment - Article Example It is worth mentioning that the government of the US, both at Federal and State levels, has formulated and implemented few regulations in order to protect the environment from the lethal consequences of nuclear energy production. The US had 104 commercial nuclear reactors located in different regions of the country, which supplies nearly 20% of its total electricity requirements. However, it cannot be denied that the radioactive emissions released during the process of nuclear energy production are indeed life-threatening, accompanied with water pollution and air pollution, often accounted for causing early aging and cancer like diseases. It other words, radioactive emissions seriously disrupt the overall balance of the ecosystem. The threat associated with the nuclear fission reaction, in terms of radioactive emissions has not been limited to the US only but has emerged as a serious problem across the globe. The recent incidents in Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plan t that occurred in March 2011, owing to the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami, have extensively raised questions regarding the environmental safety of nuclear plants. This particular occurrence in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has underscored many of the safety arguments advocated against establishing a nuclear plant. It can be number of incidents where environment and lives of human beings were under severe threat due to the nuclear disaster before the accident of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant occurred... However, it cannot be denied that the radioactive emissions released during the process of nuclear energy production are indeed life-threatening, accompanied with water pollution and air pollution, often accounted for causing early aging and cancer like diseases. It other words, radioactive emissions seriously disrupt the overall balance of eco-system2. The threat associated with the nuclear fission reaction, in terms of radioactive emissions has not been limited to the US only, but has emerged as a serious problem across the globe. The recent incidents in Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant that occurred in March 2011, owing to the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami,  have extensively raised questions regarding the environment safety of nuclear plants. This particular occurrence in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has underscored many of the safety arguments advocated against establishing a nuclear plant3. It can be number of incidents where environment and lives of human beings were under severe threat due to the nuclear disaster, before the accident of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant occurred. The US has also witnessed nuclear disaster over the last decades. Accordingly, it has been ascertained that the nuclear power plant have laid significant impacts on the nearby areas in the form of water pollution, air pollution and radioactive waste generation4. DIABLO CANYON POWER PLANT IN CALIFORNIA AND ENVIRONMENT Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) is a nuclear power plant located at Avila Beach in San Luis Obispo region of California in USA. This plant generates nuclear energy to meet the electricity demand for millions of customers. DCPP supplies nearly 9.3% of California’s

Preparation of sample for NMR analysis and integration Essay

Preparation of sample for NMR analysis and integration - Essay Example Unlike the other spectroscopy types, the sample quality in NMR bears a insightful effect on the resulting spectrum quality. Therefore, the sample prepared provides a spectrum where useful information is retained, not lost, or obscured. Sample preparation thus stands critical in the analysis and integration of NMR results. The scope of work will cover sample Purification, given that this determines the resulting spectrum, sample collection, and sample Preparation for NMR integration and Analysis. NMR spectrum is the basic source of data that relates to the structure of the compound. Therefore, it is required that the spectrum analysis be done properly to obtain or get a good and reasonable data set for analysis. Under any particular circumstance, the preparation of the NMR sample is not allowed at the NMR room, thus the lab is used or a special lab. A solid or pure liquid can not just be put into the NMR. A series of preparation steps needs to be followed to prepare the sample thus covering the scope of work to be done. If one has a liquid to be analyzed, one or two drops of the liquid are put on a clean NMR tube retrieved from the oven. Approximately 3fingers worth of the deuterated (CDCl3) solvent is added to the tube. This procedure forms the scope of work because the NMR cannot work if the solvent (deuterated) is not used. When one has a solid, it becomes easier to put the solid into the small test tube and almost the same amount of deuterated solvent added and the solid allowed dissolving in the solvent before transferring to the NMR tube (Weizmann Institute of Science,2009). Weizmann Institute of Science., 2009. Sample preparation & NMR Tubes. [Online] Available at: [Accessed November 14,

A case study of social movement or collective action event by ethnic Essay

A case study of social movement or collective action event by ethnic group(s) - Essay Example Discussions of discrimination can raise the blood pressure of even the most neutral person. On the one hand, there are those who steadfastly claim there is no such thing as discrimination in the mortgage industry: everyone is an â€Å"equal opportunity housing lender,† after all; it says so right on the application. On the other hand, there are those who have examined the issue with as much neutrality as possible and have arrived universally at one conclusion: all things being equal (such as similar credit reports, income, and down payments) African Americans are the victims of predatory, abusive, and discriminatory mortgages at a sickening rate. Just a quick glance at a few numbers: In 1993, approximately 100,000 subprime loans were originated. In 2001, more than a million subprime loans were originated. In 2008, more than 65 percent of subprime loans were refinances, not direct purchase (ACORN.org). Racial discrimination is often hidden and it certainly can be inadvertent. This does not excuse banks and mortgage brokers accused of discrimination. Three major organizations address this as a part of their foundation missions, and steps have been taken to remedy the problem, such as neutral research, education, and collective action. Before we can understand what organizations and the collective actions of individuals do to expose the problem of discriminatory lending, we must define what we mean by predatory and abusive mortgage loans. Once we have created a broad definition of discriminatory lending, we must seek to understand how the African American community can fall victim to such practices on a broad level through a culture of overt and inadvertent discrimination. The major leaders and organizations involved in exposing the problem have a multi-pronged approach to the problem, and institutional recognition of the problem lends strength to individual collective action. Final ly, there are several effective

Wind Farm Development in the United Kingdom Essay

Wind Farm Development in the United Kingdom - Essay Example This research will begin with the history of wind farm development in the United Kingdom. Wind farm development in the United Kingdom owes its influence to a few litigations. Among them is the Kyoto Protocol, which legally binds, the United Kingdom to its treaty of reducing greenhouse gases emission. There are a number of recommendations the treaty offers to this effect, but the United Kingdom has made significant steps in energy harnessing from the sun, water and wind. By the beginning of 2012, United Kingdom had the capacity of producing close to 1000 mega watts worth of solar energy. Meanwhile, water mainly generates hydroelectric power with estimated potentials of 5000Gkh. The other factor is the situation in MENA countries. Fossil fuels are the most widely used sources of fuel even in the United Kingdom. The Middle East and Northern African countries are the greatest producers of oil in the world but at the same time prone to political and economic instability. In this regard, w hatever economic or civil situation purges MENA countries, affects the state of oil production. A good example of political instability is the recent rebellion of citizens against dictator leaders in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia. This makes relying on fossil fuels such as oil and biogas tricky. Then, there is the fact that use of fossil fuel leads to production of green house gases reducing the use of oil even further. The United Kingdom sees the need to find a source of fuel that is reliable – not dependant on factors such as political instability, non pollutant and easy to produce. ... Since there got some progress in wind farms establishment and subsequent production of wind energy, a lot had to be done (Mackay 2009, p. 79). The year 2009 saw the establishment of 211 of fully functional wind farms. There is a steady progress in wind farm development across the country. For the year 2012, the aim is to increase offshore wind production capability by building at least five wind farms with a potential capacity of producing 1300 mega watts of electricity. This will be a much welcomed addition to the current 6,580 megawatts produced by the 333 fully functional wind farms across the country. Examples of functional wind farms in the U.K include the Burbo Bank wind farm, Scroby Sands and the largest offshore wind farm in the world, Thanet wind farm at the coast of Kent. The government’s commitment to these projects is clear from the current budget allocation of over five hundred million pounds to offshore wind farms (Julia 2006, p. 103). Wind farm development has a large ecological impact both positively and negatively. Positive Ecological impact, of wind farm development in the U.K: Unlike other sources of energy, wind power does not require the use of another fuel or water for it to be produced. This ensures that when producing wind energy one does not require exploiting other sources of fuel (Dragoon 2010, p. 87). Wind power does not produce air pollution during production essentially making it a clean source of energy (Boyle 2004, p. 34). Building wind farms, therefore, means there will be less air pollution; this will give the environment ample time to disintegrate the already existing green house gases in the atmosphere. Studies indicate that, since the embrace of wind energy use, carbon dioxide emissions have reduced

Criminology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology - Research Paper Example Later Robert King Merton seized on this idea of anomie and further refined it into what we now know as Strain Theory. (Featherstone, 2003) This and other theories of criminology such a labeling, which is stereotyping someone with criminal behavior, all depend on environmental factors alone. However there is another side that is overlooked by environmental theories and that is the nature of the person involved in criminal behavior. This is the consummate debate between Nature versus Nurture. Do Criminals have an innate imprint from birth that lead them astray or are they created as a result of their environment? This paper will explore both sides of this issue, singling out strain theory as the environmental factor, and researching the genetic side, the innate behavior in human beings and its influence on behavior. Environmental Influence: Strain Theory This strain begins in early adulthood and adolescence, as children are exposed to the environment of everyday living. Those in poorer circumstance with less opportunity to achieve the goals they see presented in the media are often frustrated and anxiety ridden. "The social strain theory of delinquency is based on the idea that delinquency results when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate channels." (Sullivan & Wilson, 1995 p. 1) The most obvious example of this is the "Gangsta" culture that is often promoted on many levels as the way that those without the legitimate means may attain those goals. But this is nothing new, the deification of criminals certainly has been a recurring theme throughout history and the romanticizing of their crimes leads to an unrealistic portrayal of possibilities for the maturing adolescent. One of the earliest strains in the life of a juvenile is the search for legitimate employment. Again, dependent on circumstantial variables of education and cultural jobs may be difficult to find and lead to feeling of persecution and prejudice: Sociological accounts o ften note that delinquency is an invention of western industrialized society and the separation of childhood from the adult world of work. As job security becomes more precarious in western economies, and as adult unemployment linked to school failure becomes more common, the lasting significance of the counterschool subculture of delinquency in the life course may become more salient for some adults. (Hagan, 1997, p. 121) This "counterschool subculture" is perhaps one of the most deleterious results of the social strain concept. Difficulties in school are often one of the benchmarks of the evolving delinquent. First seen as the failure of the child or parent and then of the school system, these children often have no recourse but to find alternate means of attaining status and capital. "Several theories emphasize how stress or strain can motivate criminal behavior so strongly that possible constraints are ignored. Therefore age and crime may be related because many potential stress es or strains are age-linked." (Tittle & Grasmick, 1997, p. 321) On the microcosmic level of the young adult this can have many differing ramifications. An unsettling home environment often precipitates failure in school and exposure to abuse or neglect is often present in these conditions. These strains

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS - Essay Example Monopoly may have negative effects to the consumers and even to the economy of a given country. There have been controversies on monopolistic business practices especially on large companies that dominate the market such as Google Company. Owing to the negative impacts of monopolistic business practices, monopoly laws have undergone changes over the past years in the American constitution. The first monopoly law in the United States to be enacted was the Sherman antitrust act in 1890. The law was passed to help cub the sky rocketing prices that were being set by the monopolistic businesses (Washington State Office of The Attorney General, web). This was a reaction to the public outcry for measures to be put in place to control prices of services and goods. The congress enacted additional two antitrust laws in 1914, which were federal commission trade act and the Clayton antitrust act. The federal trade commission act gave the federal trade commission authority to enforce the antitrus t laws whereas the Clayton antitrust act was meant to strengthen the antitrust laws. The Clayton act undergone several amendments. The Robinson pitman act of 1936 was the first amendment that introduced the ban to certain business disciplinatory conduct. The Hart Scot Rodin act 1976 was another amendment that required businesses merging to notify the federal government (Washington State Office of The Attorney General, web). Moreover, most states have enacted various antitrust laws over the past years. Google is a company that has been in the technology market for quite some time now being one of the most reliable in providing services in the information technology. Google offers a variety of services and products to its customers and has been improving over the past years posing a threat to other similar businesses in the market. Google as a company has its operations across the globe and most people are happy with the kind of services offered by the company. Google dominates the se arch engine market in the united state by 67% and above 90% in the United Kingdom. With such an enormous market dominance, comes great responsibilities which when not properly taken care of, the company may be accused of monopoly. Over the past few years, there have been controversies that the company is engaging in monopolistic business practices while going about their business. Arguably, this will only depend on an individual’s perspective on monopolistic business practices and state laws on monopoly. In my opinion, Google Company is not a monopoly the reason being it has competitors in the market and it is the responsibility of a company to satisfy the needs of its customers. For instance, personally I prefer Google search engine to others because it is fast and effective in retrieving the information required. The fact that a customer opt for Google to provide services does not necessary implies that the company restricts trade. The argument is rather simple; it is becau se of certain interests the consumers prefer one service provider to others. It is upon the competitors to up their game in the market to cope with the dynamic and competitive nature of today’s market in the information technology. In addition, this is the era of information technology overload and it is not wrong for a customer to prefer a specific option (Ferenstein, web). A business can

Obesity in Children Essay Example for Free

Obesity in Children Essay Conclusion Because the rate of childhood obesity is increasing at a disturbing rate, experts fear that this will cause a remarkable load of illness in the future of our children even now a growing number of diabetic young adults is becoming a norm. Preventing, identifying and treating of children and adolescents who are obese are becoming a core medical intervention priority for the government and all concerned institutions. Since there is not clear answer as to how and why children become obese and currently a variety of reasons blamed for this obesity including genetics, culture, habits, individual practice, parental practice, sedentary lifestyle, poor eating habits and such. Research at the molecular level has been progressing, but there is no actual understanding as to the whole image from a biological viewpoint. One might realize that there is no singular factor that can be blamed for a child becoming overweight or obese, it is a combination of factors that plays a role in promote obesity. The increasing obesity rates not only in adults but also in children these trends, in conjunction with obesity’s medical, psychological, and economic effects, emphasize the need for interventions and policy advice aimed at preventing obesity. Directives to remove soft drinks from public schools have started in some cities but despite the variety and number of researches done on the topic of obesity one may note that it remains to be a critical health problem. It seems that there are no enough intervention programs that have taken place in order to curve the problem. It is noted that not enough is being done in order to stop the rising trend of obese children but time has come that it must be addressed as a rising and critical problem that needs immediate attention if we are to cultivate healthy children. It will be noted that as children are obese and they are reaching their adolescence, the decrease in physical activity and the predilection to junk foods, fast foods and such also decreases the mental capacity of the child in a sense that they are more apt to laziness because of decreased energy rather go to school and participate in class, most of them are sleepy and usually uncomfortable in their own skins. It is of note that this problems if persistent will make for a bleak future for our children, since the society is cultivating lazy, fat children who will turn out to be lazy fat adults. One can imagine how it would be like in the future. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle not only for our children but for ourselves as well should be a major thrust of the government if curving the current situation is to be achieved. The thought at a young age children will be subjected to diseases and concern that is normally associated with the elderly and geriatric patients should be carefully considered and rejected. In developing an afterschool wellness program the author notes that it is not as simple as devising exercise plans for the children. It is a holistic approach that requires a multifaceted planning that includes education, healthy diet plans and the actual activity period. And it is also noted by the writer that in order to curve obesity in children, drastic measures must be employed not only by the obese children themselves but the whole family and the whole community. Developing healthy eating habits and leisure activity changes require changes that involve the family in order for the child not feel left out or forlorn. It is also of note that simple family physical activities will help curve obesity. One may realize that everything starts out at home and spilled over to the school then to the community. If we wish to curve obesity in children and protect our children’s health it is imperative that the community in particular and the nation in general work hand in hand so that attention maybe given and directives to promote healthy eating in schools and within the community be fostered and community get togethers that involves physical activities, community dances in the park, weekend exercise program for the community can be facilitated by the general community so that everyone may take part in keeping the family and our children healthier and live fuller lives. References: Abbott Laboratories (2003) MERIDIA (sibutramine hydrochloride manohydrate). Product information. In Physician’s Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ, Thompson PDR, 2003, p. 475–480 Blocker D Freudenberg N (2001) Developing Comprehensive Approachesto Prevention and Control of Obesity Among Low-Income, Urban, African-American Women, Journal of the American Medical Women’s AssociationVol. 56, No. 2 pp. 59-64 Bray GA: Use and abuse of appetite-suppressant drugs in the treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 119:707–713, 1993 Centers for Disease Control, (1997) Guidelines for School and Community Programs to Promote Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1997; 46 (RR-6); 1-36 Center for Disease Control (2007) Body mass index. Retrieved 22 April 2008 from http://www. cdc. gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/index. htm Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGiorlamo M, Foreyt JP, Halstead CH, Heber D, Heimburger DC, Lucas CP, Robbins DC, Chung J, Heymsfeld SB: Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 281:235–242, 1999 Dietz, W.H. , Gortmaker, S. L. (1985). Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 75(5), 807-812. Dietz, W. H. (1983). Childhood obesity: Susceptibility, cause, and management. Journal of Pediatrics, 103(5), 676-686. Dr. Paul. Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www. drpaul. com/illnesses/overweight. html ExRx. net. Retrieved 26 April 2008 from http://www. exrx. net/FatLoss/ChildObesityIntervention. html Epstein, L. H. , Wing, R. R. , Koeske, R. , Valoski, A. (1987). Long-term effects of family-based treatment of childhood obesity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 91-95. EJ 352 076. Freudenberg N, Eng E, Flay B, Parcel G,Rogers T, Wallerstein N. Strengthening individual and community capacity to prevent disease and promote health: In search of relevant theories and principles. Health Educ Q. 1995;22:290-306. Gortmaker, S. L. , Dietz, W. H. , Sobol, A. M. , Wehler, C. A. (1987). Increasing pediatric obesity in the United States. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 141, 535-540. Graves, T. , Meyers, A. W. , Clark, L. (1988). An evaluation of parental problem-solving training in the behavioral treatment of childhood obesity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 246-250. James WP, Astrup A, Finer N, Hilsted J, Kopelman P, Rossner S, Saris WH, Van Gaal LF(2000) Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomized trial. Lancet 356:2119–2125, 2000 Litchfield R, Nelson D, Koch J, (2004), Guide to healthy kids: What parents can do, Iowa State University – University Extension. Iowa. Kien C, Chiodo A (2003) Physical activity in middle school-aged children participating in a school-based recreation program. Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine 157(8):811-5 Lohman, T. G. (1987). The use of skinfolds to estimate body fatness on children and youth. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, 58(9), 98-102. McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. (1988) An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Q. 1988;15:351-377. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1998) Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obesity Research 6:51S–210S National Institute of Health, NIH Publication No. 97-4096 retrieved 26 April 2008 from http://adam. about. com/care/weightloss/weight_child. html. Roberts S, Savage J. , Coward W. , Chew B. , Lucas, A. (1988). Energy expenditure and intake in infants born to lean and overweight mothers. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 461-466. Ross, J Pate R. (1987). The National Children and Youth Fitness Study II: A summary of findings. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 58(9), 51-56. EJ 364 411 Serdula, MK, Ivery, D, Coates, RJ, (1993) Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Preventive Medicine 1993; 22: 167-177. St. Vincents Health (2004), Bariatric weight loss center of excellence, Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www.stvincent. org/ourservices/bariatrics/about/causes/default. htm Sjostrom L, Rissanen A, Andersen T, Boldrin M, Golay A, Koppeschaar HPF, Krempf M: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. Lancet 352:167–172, 1998 The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE). NASPE releases first ever physical activity guidelines for pre-adolescent children. 1-2. 5-13-1998. NASPE. Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Sarwer DB, Prus-Wisniewski R, Steinberg C (2001) Benefits of lifestyle modification in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity: a randomized trial.Archives of Internal Medicine 161:218–227, 2001 Whitaker, RC, Wright, JA, Pepe, MS, Seidel, KD, Dietz, WH. (1997) Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 869-73. Wolf, M. C. , Cohen, K. R. , Rosenfeld, J. G. (1985). School-based interventions for obesity: Current approaches and future prospects. Psychology in the Schools, 22, 187-200. Understanding Childhood Obesity (1999) Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA: Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591–602, 2002.

Valuation Methods of Inventories: Advantages Disadvantages

Valuation Methods of Inventories: Advantages Disadvantages The subject of this paper is the valuation of inventories. We have looked at the rules of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Dutch rules. The Dutch rules can be dividend in Title 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW) which is a part of the Dutch law and the recommendations made by the Raad voor de Jaarverslaggeving (RJ) which are giving a interpretation of the Dutch law, but which are not a part of the Dutch law. The research question of this paper is: Which valuation methods of inventories are allowed or not and what are their advantages and disadvantages? Before we are starting with this question we tell you about the general lay out of the different rules and standards in chapter 2. In chapter 3 we will explain the methods based on the historic cost price. This chapter tells you about costs of purchase, costs of conversion and methods to assign costs. We will explain the differences between fifo, lifo and hifo. Chapter 4 deals with fixed transfer price. Chapter 5 describes the fair value (or actual value). Chapter 6 describes one interpretation of fair value, namely the replacement value. Chapter 7 describes net realizable value and the difference with fair value. Chapter 8 will tell you in short about the selling price. At the end of this paper in chapter 9 we will give our opinion about which methods should be used. General laws and standards The use of IFRS is for the consolidated statements of listed companies. All other companies in the Netherlands can opt for the application of IFRS or Dutch Law in Title 9 of Book 2 of the BW and the rules which were made by the RJ.  [1]   IAS 2 (IFRS) IAS 2 sets out how to deal with inventories. Paragraph 6 defines inventories as follows: Inventories are assets: held for sale in the ordinary course of business; in the process of production for such sale; or in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.  [2]   IAS 2 is not applicable for all kinds of inventories. Work in progress arising from construction contracts, including directly related service contracts, financial instruments and biological assets related to agricultural activity and agricultural produce at the point of harvest has their own IAS. IAS 2 paragraph 9 prescribes that inventories must be measured at the lower of the cost and net realizable value. This leads to a requirement for impairment test. Paragraph 10 prescribes that the costs of inventories shall contain all costs of purchasing, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Paragraph 6 prescribes that the net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Book 2, Title 9 of the Burgerlijk Wetboek (Civil Law of the Netherlands) The Dutch Law defines in article 2:369 BW about the next four types of inventories: Commodities and consumable supplies; Work in progress; Finished goods and goods for trading; Prepayments on inventories.  [3]   Article 2:384 lid 1 BW allowed the purchase price, the manufacturing price and the actual value to use for valuation of the inventories. Article 2:384 lid 7 BW gives an own regime for financial instruments, other investments and agricultural inventories. In the Besluit Actuele waarde the rules of Book 2 title 9 are further explained.  [4]   Raad voor de Jaarverslaggeving The Raad voor de Jaarverslaggeving (RJ) gives the following definition of inventories: Assets which are  held for sale in the ordinary course of business;  in the process of production for such sale; or  in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services. The RJ prescribes in rule 220.301 RJ that inventories must be valuated based on the cost-price or the lower market value or actual value. 220.201 RJ defines when an inventory item has to be recognized. The inventories are only assets if it is probable that the future economic benefits in according to the assets will be for the company and the costs of the assets can be solid measured. Comparing the rules The definition of inventories is the same in IAS 2 and the rules of the RJ. Book 2 BW is applicable on every type of inventory. IAS 2 is not applicable for every type of inventory. Excluded inventories have their own IAS. Actual value is allowed in the Dutch rules, but not under IAS 2. There are not any differences between the Dutch BW and the RJ about valuation techniques. This is logical, because the RJ has to deal with the Dutch BW. Historic cost price Although there is much criticism about his system, this one of the most used method of valuation of inventories. When you think of historical cost, you immediately think about costs of purchase. But that are not the only costs. Think of transport costs, administrative costs, taxes and other cost. Factories even have cost to complete the products. We call these costs of conversion. Costs of purchase Costs of purchase are not only the price paid for the product. There are more costs that you have to pay. For example import duties, administration cost and shipping cost. Value added tax can be recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities  [5]  . These taxes are therefore no costs and cannot be added to the inventory. All other costs that are directly related to the product can be added to the inventory (according to IFRS). It is important that also revenues from discounts are deducted from the total costs of purchase. We shall make an example. Let assume there is a company in the Netherlands. They want to buy oranges in Africa. The oranges normally costs 2 euro per kg, but the company gets a discount (because they buy a large quantity). They cost now à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,50 per kg. The company buys 500kg. Value added tax is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0,50 per kg (based on the discounted price). To ship the oranges to the Netherlands there are costs: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100. The company also needs to pay import duties: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬50,-. The costs of purchase can be determined as followed: Price: 500kg x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2,- = 1,000 Discount (500kg x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0,50) = (250) VAT (500kg x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0,50) = (250) Shipping cost = 100 Import Duties = 50 Cost of purchase = 650 Note that you really pay à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬900,- in total. But 250 will be returned to you by the tax authorities. Costs of conversion Costs of conversion are the costs that occur when a manufacturing entity makes products out of raw materials. You do not only have the raw materials. Think of the machines in the factory and employees. These are examples of direct costs. But they are not the only costs. There are many costs that cannot be directly linked to a product: administration, electricity, depreciation of machinery and so on. But which costs should you assign to the product (and inventory). This is a topic that is very much discussed in management accounting. There are basically 4 types of methods to allocate costs to the products. Throughput costing, direct costing, absorption costing and activity based costing. Throughput costing Throughput costing traces the least amount of cost to the inventory. Throughput costing only assigns only the direct costs. These direct costs are based on unit-level. This is an advantage because otherwise managers would have an incentive to overproduce  [6]  . Managers do that because you are able to lower the average cost per unit when you produce more. We shall give an example: A company produces 10.000 products. 5000 products will be sold. Fixed costs are $ 50.000 and variable costs are $ 1 per unit. Selling price = 15 We assume that there is no beginning inventory. We can see that in this example the profit is much higher under absorption costing. In this example is the production higher than the actual sales. Note that if the production is equal to the sales, there would be no difference. If the production is lower than the sales, you need to have a beginning inventory and profit under absorption costing is lower. This is because you take a part of the last years fixed cost and takes that this year. So it looks like throughput costing is a good system because you cant steer the profit, but it violates the matching principle. That is why this method is not allowed for external reporting purposes. Direct (or variable) costing In this system all variable manufacturing costs are allocated to the inventory. All other costs flow into the expense of the current period. The variable manufacturing costs include direct material, direct labor and variable overhead. Variable overhead can be for example the electricity needed to operate machines. Absorption costing In absorption costing all of the manufacturing cost (fixed and variable) capitalized in the inventory. As we mentioned earlier, this means that the cost will not be an expense until the product is sold. The only costs that are taken at cost when incurred are selling and administrative costs. This is the system that is mostly used for external reporting. This is because it is aligned with the matching principle. Today, this system is now increasingly used also for internal reporting. But as mentioned earlier, this system has a great disadvantage that it might encourage a manager to overproduce. Activity based costing Activity based costing is invented to improve traditional costing systems. The system provides more accurate product costs. You have to first assign costs to activities and then to goods and services based on how much each good or service uses the activity. You can say that activities consume resources and products consume activities You can determine the cost of goods and service in four steps: Step 1: Search for activities that are related to the companys products. You need to make a list of activities and classify them as unit-level, batch level, product level, customer level or facility level. There are varies ways to do this: You can use the top-down approach. The organization use specials ABC teams of people at the middle-management or above. Advantage of this method is that generating the activity dictionary is quick and inexpensive.  [7]   You can also use the interview or participative approach. In this method you interview operating employees. So you have to rely on their knowledge. And last but not least you can use the recycling method. In this method you have to reuse documentation of processes used for other purposes. Step 2: Estimate the costs of the activities that you identified in step 1. Step 3: Calculate a rate for each of the activities that you indentified in step 1. For example machine cost is caused by hours it is used. So you need to calculate a rate per machine hour used. Step 4: Assign the activity cost to the product. For instance: measure how much hours you used and calculate total cost assigned to the product. Do this for all of the activities. As you can see it is a very time-consuming and therefore expensive method. But you get the advantage of detailed information. Therefore a company needs to evaluate whether the extra information has a higher value than the costs. As you can see, fixed costs are included in this system to. The system treats all costs as variable. ABC is not used for external inventory valuation, but for decision-making purposes. This is because selling and administrative costs are also included. Activity based costs are therefore also not charged to the inventory accounts. Thats why most of the companies that use the ABC method have an IT-system. This system is separate from the companies accounting system used for external reporting. Normally the process of identifying is done once per year, or when changes are made in the production process. Main difference with other costing systems is that other costing systems the manufacturing costs are allocated to products on the basis of production volume related measurement such as direct labor hours. ABC uses both production volume and non-production volume related bases. In ABC an attempt is made to assign all costs to products including engineering, marketing, distribution and administrative costs  [8]  . Methods to assigning costs Historical cost price is only a valuation at first recognition. For subsequent measurement you have different methods for assigning costs to inventory on sale. Fifo We begin with fifo. Fifo means first in first out. According to this method you assume that items that were first purchased are first sold. This is not literally. This method makes more sense in businesses where actually the first purchased products are first sold. This is the case in for example a supermarket. In this method the remaining inventory comes near to replace value. Because the inventory is valued for the price that you have paid last time. If this was not a long time ago, this last price is the replace value. When products decrease in prices (deflation), fifo gives a lower income. This can be an advantage when you have to pay tax. But when there is inflation, fifo gives a higher income. LiFo Lifo means last in first out. It is basically the same as fifo, but in this method you assume that the last purchase goods are first sold. When goods do not have an expiry date this is a method that makes sense. For example think of a warehouse full with steel. You grab the first one you can reach. Steel will not decrease in value over time. It is a lot more work to grab the last one. In that way you actually first sell the product that you bought last. When you use lifo, the cost of goods sold comes near replace value. This is because you use the newest purchase cost. But the inventory is valued according to the oldest products purchased. When there is inflation, lifo gives a lower income. This gives an advantage when for example you have to pay tax. Collective LiFo (periodic LiFo) In collective LiFo, the amount of inventory is determined periodically by conducting a physical count and multiplying the number of units by a cost per unit to value the inventory on hand  [10]  . This makes a difference with normal LiFo. This difference can be best explained with an example: A company buys on 1/1 500products à ¡ $1,50 Buys 1/4 200products à ¡ $1,60 Sells 1/5 600products Buys 1/7 300products à ¡ $1,40 Sells 1/9 200products LiFo: When the company sells on 1/5 the purchase cost of that 600products are: 200 x 1,60 + 400 x 1,50 = $920,- There are 100products left in the inventory with the worth of $1,50 each= $150,- When the company sells on 1/9 the purchase cost of that 200 products are: 200 x 1,40 = 280. Total costs of purchase for the period = 280 + 920 = $1200 The worth of the inventory on the end of the period = 100 x 1,40 + 100 x 1,50 = $290 Collective Lifo: This time we do not look at when the company sells, but only at the end of the period. At the end of the period there are 800 products total sold (800+200). The purchase cost of that product can be calculated as follows: 300 x 1,40 + 200 x 1,60 + 300 x 1,50 = 1190 The worth of the remaining inventory = 200 x 1,50 = $300 As you can see this makes a difference of $10. In this example it is not that much. But think of a company that buys and sells every day. In that case the difference can get much bigger. Collective Lifo is a good example of a periodic method. Lifo is a perpetual method. As you saw in the perpetual method the inventory are updated each time a transaction involving inventory takes place. In the periodic method the amount of inventory is determined by conducting a physical count  [11]  . Unfortunately despite the advantages, this method can only be used for homogeneous products. The perpetual method is a much more time consuming method. Therefore the cost is higher. But this method has advantages. You can get anytime you want information about the cost of purchase and the value of the remaining inventory. Therefore management can make better decisions. Because of the better control that you have, you will immediately see differences in stock. These differences can come from multiple reasons, for example they can be stolen or spoiled. Management can examine why there is a difference and can take action. Hifo Hifo means highest in first out. In this method you assume that the goods with the highest value will be sold first. In this case the company records the highest cost of goods sold as possible. Therefore, this method decreases your income. This is an advantage for companies, because they have to pay less tax or have less attention from for example environment associations or government. For example shell will not make too much profit. Otherwise government would raise taxes because it is polluting for the environment to produce oil. The cost for having this attention is called political cost. You need to minimize that cost. This method can also be Lowest in, First out. It works the same way. Only in this way you maximize your profit. This can be an advantage for managers whose income is dependent of the profit. Average costing method The inventory is based on the average costs of all products. This can be a weighted average; this is the average of a period. The average can also be a moving average. In this case the average is changed every time the company buys new products or when there is a purchase return. This method makes the assumption that all products are homogeneous. Therefore it makes sense to use it in companies that have homogeneous products. The method has the advantage that is very easy to apply. Because it is an average, you eliminate unusually high or low materials prices. This can help for better or stable cost estimates. Fixed transfer price (Dutch: vaste verrekenprijs) When purchase prices changes a lot it is very time consuming to register individual purchase price. It is even more time consuming when a company has a lot of transactions. That is why a fixed transfer price can be used. The fixed transfer price is based on a fixed purchase price plus cost of purchase and cost of inventory. At the beginning of the period, an average purchase price, average purchasing cost and average inventory cost is estimated. Because it is an estimation, there will be differences in the real cost and the estimated cost. The difference must be recorded on a separate account called: price differences at purchase.  [12]   An example: Company Bert sells chairs. The fixed transfer price is $ 200,-. This price consists of: Purchase price $ 160 Purchasing cost 10 Inventory cost 30 $ 200 The company buys 50 chairs for a total price of $ 8200. The following journal entry has to be made: Inventory $ 10000 (50 x $ 200) Price differences $ 200 a/ revenue purchasing department $ 500 a/ revenue inventory department $1500 a/ creditors $8200 Price differences are only based on the difference between expected purchasing price and real purchasing price. Therefore price differences is 8200 (50 x 160) = 200. In this case the difference is an asset, because you actually paid more than the worth in your inventory. But sometimes you evaluate your inventory to high, because actual price is lower. For example: Company Bert buys 50 chairs for total price of $ 7800. Journal entry will be: Inventory $10000 a/ revenue purchasing department $ 500 a/ revenue inventory department $1500 a/ creditors $7800 a/ price differences $ 200 You can see that inventory did not change. Thats why FTP has the major advantage that inventory is easy to valuate. You can immediately calculate how much units you have (Inventory divided by FTP). When you sell your products the sale will be calculated on actual price. The difference will disappear. For example you sell 40 chairs of the 50 chairs you bought. You sold them for $400,- per chair. Journal entry will be: Cash 40 x $ 400,- = $16.000 a/ Sales $16.000 Cost of goods sold (8700/50) x 40 = $ 6960 Price differences = $ 1040 a/ inventory 40 x 200 = $ 8.000 Cost of goods sold is valuated at actual price (in this case). This can also be on average price. The remaining price difference only consists of the 10 remaining chairs in inventory. If they are sold too, the price difference is 0 again. Price differences are a correction on the inventory. When you use average cost price you create a special situation. Because then price differences are not only a correction on the inventory but also on the cost of goods sold. Therefore you have to make a distinction between price differences that go to the balance sheet and that go to profit and loss account, at the end of the period. Fair value (or actual value) Paragraph 6 of IAS 2 gives the following definition of fair value for inventories: Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction. How works the fair value accounting method? Fair value isnt laid in one conception. The basis of fair value is that the value of an asset or liability is the value for what the asset can be traded between well informed, independent parties which want to do the transaction. The best indication of fair value is the quoted price on an active market. But not every asset has a quoted price on an active market. If an active market isnt available, than you can look to the last transaction. This is just a good indication if the economic situation has been the same. At least you can use valuation techniques to determine the valuation. Other fair value conceptions are value in use and replacement value.  [13]   Is the fair value accounting method allowed for inventories? IAS 2 doesnt prescribe fair value as a valuation method. The RJ allows the use of fair value for valuation of inventories in 220.301 RJ. Art. 2:384 lid 1 BW allows the use of fair value.  [14]   IAS 2 gives an explanation of the conception of fair value, because it explains that net realizable value may not equal to fair value minus selling costs. Article 8 of the Besluit Actuele waarde explains that you can use the replacement value for inventories, besides the agricultural inventories. If the gain value is lower than the replacement value, than you have to use the gain value. If it is probable that the inventories will be replaced, than you have to use the gain value. For agricultural inventories which are valuated by actual value, you have to use the realizable value. 220.331 RJ describes if the inventories will be valuated by the actual value and that is probable that the inventories will be replaced, than must the actual value be based on the replacement value or the lower realizable value. 220.332 RJ says if the inventories will be valuated by the actual value and it is not probable that the inventories will be replaced, than must the actual value be based on the realizable value. The replacement value and the realizable value will be explained in another part of the paper. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fair value? The general advantages of fair value accounting for inventories are: More transparency Providing more information (about the market prices) Financial reports are less subject to earnings management.  [15]   Disadvantages are: Fair value accounting can be expensive. Implementation and maintenance of a fair value accounting system will cost time and resources. Fair value accounting for inventories is allowed by the RJ and the BW, but not by the IFRS. This can be confusing for some companies. We think that it will be good if the Dutch rules and the IFRS will be the same, because this makes it more clear for the companies if the allowed or not to use fair value accounting for inventories. We dont think that fair value must substitute the other methods, because for some companies is it not easy to measure the fair value. Replacement value There are two variances of the replacement value method: replacement value with a normal inventory and replacement value without a normal inventory. First we will give an example of the replacement value with a normal inventory: base stock value (ijzeren voorraadmethode). After this example we will explain the replacement value without a normal inventory. The function of the replacement value method is inventory valuation. Replacement value with a normal inventory How works replacement value with a normal inventory? An example of replacement value with a normal inventory is the use of a base stock. The base stock is the inventory which the company needs for a continued process of the company. The base stock can exist of a physical inventory and an economic inventory. The economic inventory consists of the physical inventory plus the orders and minus sales which are not delivered. The company has a price risk on the economic inventory.  [16]   The company can valued the base stock by the next three values: The price paid in the past; Or the lower buying price on the balance date; Or the lower net realizable value on the balance date. The base stock is valued by an established price. It is possible that the actual inventory differs from the base stock. There are two types of differences: a manco or a surplus. There is a manco when the actual inventory is lower than the base stock. The difference between the actual inventory and the base stock has the company to buy as soon as possible and must be valuated by the using the replacement value. The replacement value is the price which the company has to give if she buys today the inventory to solve the manco. There is a surplus if the actual inventory is higher than the base stock. The surplus must be valuated by using the minimum valuing rule. The company has to use the lowest of the following values: The last paid price (Fife method); Buying price on balance date; Selling price on balance date. The reason of this rule lies in the prudence principle.  [17]   This system doesnt take into account changes of the value of money. The system is used to determine the profit which can be pay out.  [18]   There is a profit on the selling on e. of 50 (e-/-b) and a profit on the selling on f. of 50 (f-/- 0,5c). The total profit is 100. Is it allowed to use the replacement value with a normal inventory? IFRS doesnt allow the use of the replacement value with a normal inventory. In the Netherlands has the Hoge Raad decided that the base stock method still acceptable is for the calculation of the taxable profit.  [19]   220.204 RJ says that a method which uses the economic inventory cant be a basis for valuation. 220.301 RJ prohibits methods which are using a normal inventory; one of these methods is the base stock method. The reason behind this idea is that the balance has to reflect the physical inventory. What are the disadvantages of this method? A disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to make a definition of the normal inventory. Another disadvantage is that you have to deal with results of price speculation. The use of a normal inventory method leads to differences between the physical inventory and the normal inventory. This is sometimes confusing.  [20]   Replacement value without normal inventory The second method of using replacement value doesnt know a normal inventory. How works replacement value without normal inventory? Replacement value is the value which you have to give if you want to replace your asset for another asset with the same economic value.  [21]   If the price of the inventory increases you make a revaluation reserve with the same value as the price increasing. An example: Company Y has 1000 pieces as inventory. Every pieces has she has bought for 5 euro. The price increases to 6 euro. The company has to make a revaluation reserve for 1000 euro. (1000 x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1)  [22]   If the replacement value of the inventory decreases, than you must the change deduct from the revaluation reserve. If the revaluation reserve isnt big enough, than you must the decrease subtract directly from the profit- and loss account.  [23]   When is it allowed to use the replacement value without normal inventory? IAS 2 doesnt allow the use of the actual value, and implicit the use

Bharti AIRTEL Case Study

Bharti AIRTEL Case Study Bharti Airtel is a public limited company commonly known as AIRTEL .it is a Indian telecom company which is currently operating its business across south Asia, Africa and channel islands, it is also into the GSM providing business in all the countries including 2G3G services. Due to its operations in 19 countries, Airtel is now the 5th largest telecom operator in the world with over207.8 million subscribers at the end of 2010. It is the largest cellular service provider in India with over153 million subscribers, behind china mobile and china Unicom Airtel is the third largest operator by subscriber base. TYPE public INDUSTRY telecommunication FOUNDED 7 JULY 1995 FOUNDER Sunil Bharti mittal HEADQUATER New Delhi AREA SERVED South Asia, Africa, Channel Island SERVICES Mobile network Wireless Landline Broadband Satellite television REVENUE 9.290 billion OPERATING INCOME 2.313 billion PROFITS 2.079 billion TOATAL ASSESTS 15.527 billion TOTAL EQUITY 9.491 billion EMPLOYEES 24,501 PARENT Bharti Enterprise (63.45%) SingTel (32.15%) Vodafone (4.4%) WEBSITE airtel .com BOARD OF DIRECTORS Sunil Bharti Mittal Manoj Kohli Joint Akhil Gupta Chua Sock Koong Tan Yong Choo Nikesh Arora Pulak Chandan Prasad Lord Evan Mervyn Davies H.E. Dr Salim Ahmad Salim Tsun-yan Hsieh Rajan Bharti Mittal Rakesh Bharti Mittal Craig Ehrlich Ajay Lal Bashir Abdulla Currimjee Mauro Sentinelli N.Kumar H.R POLICIES OF ORGANIZATION Strategic human management means formulating and executing human resource policies and practices of the organization that produce the employee competencies and behaviours the company needs to achieve its strategic aims. The strategic plan implies certain workforce requirement, in terms of employee skills, attributes, and behaviours that HR must deliver to enable the business to achieve its strategic goals. SERVICE RULE In Airtel you are an at will employee, this mean you are working at your own will without any force or pressure, before you join the company you must sign terms and condition agreement that will state corporate governance of the company that must be followed by all employees, in violation of the agreement, it can lead to termination of the employment. Employees must report to their superior and maintain disciplinary work. All employees will be paid monthly by cheque procedure. In case of leave employees must draft a detailed application mentioning the reason for leave. Lunch break of 1 hr will be provided Camera monitoring will be done to check the fair work of the employee. PROMOTION POLICY RULE A Policy under which employee gets promotion in the organization which is a reward for excellent performance. Generally to be eligible for promotion a employee must have successfully completed 6 months of employment in Airtel . Internal application process is being carried out and previous records are checked and performance is analysed. Further written test and interviews are done for promotion process. WAGE STRUCTURE The internal relationship between different jobs and wages helps the firm to decide its wage structure. 60% of Employees in Airtel are on variable pay structure which means they are paid according to their work done. At AIRTEL strong pay for performance culture maintains the internal equity. AIRTEL take into consideration factors such as performance and maintaining internal equity to ensure people at same level (in the organization hierarchy) and same performance are paid at the same level. EMPLOYESS MOTIVATION AND WELFARE SCHEMES Motivation is an effective tool for inspiring the workforce and creating confidence among the employees. The work force will be satisfied if management provides them with opportunities to fulfil their physiological and psychological needs. The workers will cooperate voluntarily with management and will contribute maximum to organizational goal. The rates of labour turnover and absenteeism among workers will be low. There will be good human relations in the organisation as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and management will decrease. AIRTEL always promotes motivation by rewarding the talent through a TOTAL REWARDS APPROACH, performance bonuses, guaranteed cash and also stock option. Tremendous growth in career opportunities makes life at AIRTEL exciting and encouraging towards performance. Motivation tools like on job grooming, involvement in key projects, monitoring programs and exposure across various businesses, AIRTEL offers all its employees, guaranteed job satisfaction resulting in a Total Employee Proposition. Family friendly work options: Flexible time system, telecommuting , part time options. Maternity/ post natal benefits: 12 weeks maternity leave, leave extendable up to 6 months, flexi work location, flexi /part time options. Revised sabbatical policy: Allows for time off for enhancing education up to 1 year personal exigencies limited to half yearly . Travel policy revision: Includes two additional safety norms for women employees. Employee referral policy: Enhanced monetary benefits for referring women employees across all levels. Mentoring program: Initiated for high potential middle management women employees mentoring by senior women supervisor. HEALTH SAFETY RULES All employees have to submit a medical certificate mentioning the physical and psychological fitness. Regular medical check up promotion is done by the AIRTEL group. Suppliers dealing with Bharti Airtel shall comply and adhere to all laws, regulations and guidelines on environment, health and safety. Suppliers will ensure that all new service offerings as well as new product designs are in compliance with the relevant environmental regulation and guidelines, at the time of implementation at Bharti Airtel. TRAINNING AND DEVELOPMENT Vast pool of human resource time to time upgraded in terms of leadership and technical skills through various outsourced and in house training development activities such as process and project management skills and technical skills. By providing world class resources and combined efforts by AIRTEL many employees are being trained and developed to become future leaders . The companys HR is continuously working on launching various initiatives like on job training, apprenticeship training, programmed learning, simulated development, computer base training. AIRTEL also believes in internet based training which includes Teletraining Videoconferencing Development initiative by the company is directed by job rotation in which a management trainee moves department to department for overall learning in organisation. Case study method is also adopted by AIRTEL. Outside seminars are arranged for both employees and employer. (b) Identify any 3 Jobs (one each at Entry Level, Middle Level and Senior Level) within that chosen company. Entry level- sales executive (broadband) Middle level- Area manager (sales) Senior level- General Manager (new business development) JOB DESCRIPTION JOB SPECIFICATION Job description- A list of a jobs duties, responsibilities, reporting relationship, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities. Job specifications- A list of a jobs human requirements, that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on. Job description Sales executive- main aim is to sell broadband connections to the multinational corporation. Cultivate new broadband customers. Briefing the new product regarding broadband to customer Field survey to gather new demand preference in the market Job specification Experience 1 to 2 years Location Ncr/ Delhi Compensation : Rupees 65000 1,22,000 Education: UG GRADUATE, ANY SPECIALIZATION, PGDM in any area Industry Type: Retail Role: Sales Exec./Officer Functional Area: Sales, Job description Area manager- Achieve targeted net adds for all products (voice prepaid/post-paid, data, VAS etc), ensuring quality, across all available sales channels (Distribution, Retail) / CS in the area office Achieve channel infrastructure enhancement targets. Achieve revenue sales target across all products and channels of organisation Manage changes in , organization, trends, people to ensure quality satisfaction with continuity and smooth operations Coaching, monitoring, mentoring and retention of team member Job specification Experience: 9 12 Years Location Ncr / delhi Education UG Graduate Any Specialization PG Course good communication skills Industry Type: Telecom/ISP Role: Area Manager Functional Area: Sales, Job description General manager- To formulate new business development strategies identifying new business opportunities. To manage the IT sector within the organization. Mange the corporate affairs with other multinational corporation Building strong connections with business partners. Strategy and Implementation of All Business SLAs Managing client SLAs for operations Transition management account growth Cross-functional collaboration to enhance performance improved strategies. Workflow Management, Hiring support capacity planning Setting-up and managing operational practices Identify opportunity areas and implement the process for more improved strategies Job specification Experience: 14 20 Years Location: NCR/ delhi Education: UG Graduate Any Specialization PGDM/MBA Any specialization , excellent communication skills Industry Type: telecom Role: Head//GM-Operations Functional Area: IT, research development. DETAILED RECRUITMENT AND STAFFING PROCEDURE AIRTEL HIRING PROCESS APPLICATIONS In AIRTEL existing opening are monitored and accordingly position procedure are being carried out matching candidates profile and area of interest. SCREENING Matching of the profile is done by the company with respect to its requirements and needs. ASSESMENT An aptitude test is required for the job of front line sales. For considering the middle and senior level job occupational personality questionnaire done. INTERVIEW Airtel takes 1-3 rounds of interview process. VERIFICATION In case of final selection credentials are being verified by the company before joining of the candidate. After this process final appointment letter is being offered with companys terms condition memo, that every employee must sign. COMPENSATION PATTERN: INCENTIVES AND BENEFITS AIRTEL FOLLOWS Performance and pay policy Incentive pay scheme- managers often use two terms synonymously incentive plan for the employees, that is applicable to sales over the target achieved. As discussed earlier 60% of the AIRTEL employees are on variable pay that ties to pay to productivity or profitability in one time lump sum. Merit pay as in incentive is generally done by the company for excellent performance by employee in last term of his/her employment AIRTEL also provides NON- MONETARY incentives which includes Employee recognition Gift certificates Special events Merchandise incentives Free training programs Commission plan BENEFITS Benefits are indirect financial and non financial payments employees receive for continuing their employment. They include things like health and life insurance, pensions, time off with pay, and child care assistance. DISCRETIONARY BENEFITS PROVIDED BY AIRTEL EMPLOYER Life and health insurance for family and dependents Housing, subsidiary on housing loans subsidiary ,conveyance allowance, telephone and entertainment allowance, recreational benefits like health clubs and hobby classes, soft loans for asset building. Different types of leaves like study leave, extraordinary leave. Executive perquisites like chauffeur driven car, petrol allowance, and family holidays. Pay for time not worked benefits for time not worked such as unemployment insurance, vacation, and holiday pay, and sick pay. EFFECTIVE TRAINING AND METHODOLOGIES AIRTEL EFFECTIVE TRAINING METHODS For effective training five steps are followed The first, or needs analysis step, identifies the specific job performance skills needed, assesses the prospective trainees skilled and develops specific, measurable knowledge and performance objective based on any deficiencies. In the second step instructional design, you decide on, compile, and produce the training program content, including workbooks, exercise and activities. There may be a third validation step, in which the bugs are worked out of the training program by presenting it to a small representative audience. The fourth step is to implement the program, by actual training the targeted employee group. Fifth is the evaluation step, I which management assesses the programs successes or failures. METHODOLOGIES ADOPTED BY AIRTEL On job training means having a person learn a job actually doing it. Every employee from mailroom clerk to CEO gets on job training when he or she joins the company. Informal learning after a survey done by AIRTEL it was discovered that 80% of the employees learn on the job they learn not through formal training program but through informal means, including performing their jobs on a daily basis in collaboration with their colleagues. Job instruction training program takes place every month in AIRTEL in which logical sequence of steps are best taught step by step. On quarterly basis programmed learning is followed by AIRTEL in which self learning methods that consist of Presenting questions, facts, or problems to learner Allowing the person to respond Providing feedback on the accuracy of answers. OTHER MODEL METHODOLOGIES Computer base training Internet based training Organizing virtual classroom Research method Case study methods University-related programs Role playing Behaviour modelling In house development centre SUITABLE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Performance management- a process that consolidates goal setting, performance appraisal, and development into a single, common system, the aim of which is to ensure that the employees performance is supporting the companys strategic aim. In AIRTEL performance management system is by the process of planning, monitoring, developing, rating, and rewarding. AIRTEL also focuses on its key result areas (KRA) for better management. AIRTEL performance appraisal include Informal review Formal review IDP Appraisal review and Appeal. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Bharti AIRTEL is doing exceptionally well in recent times it is expected with same quality services in the present scenario it will overtake china Unicom in few years making it the world leader in telecommunication. Entering in African and Channel Island indicates it desire for expansion and to become globally known company, with the same pace it might also enter in other continent to increase its global market share. Good relations with business support partners like Ericsson, Siemens networks and IBM makes its outsourcing quit well Companys profit and assets are increasing good rate, it is expected in year 2020 it will cross 3.09 billion turnovers. AIRTEL strong HR policies help in maintaining its corporate governance structure. AIRTEL can enter into the mobile market in India as demand is at its peak. Better customer schemes support services would make AIRTEL to capture the competitor market.

Essay --

In a study conducted by Seoul National University in 1994, 92 percent of South Koreans considered unification absolutely â€Å"essential.† By 2007, that opinion fell to 64 percent. Today, support for unification is barely above 50 percent, with support lowest among the young: a 2010 survey revealed that only 49 percent of young adults judged unification as necessary. Among teens, the figure dropped even lower to 20 percent. This declared openly but it is felt by all long-time dwellers of Seoul and with good reason too: the financial cost of reunification would be astronomical. It would cost South Korean taxpayers seven percent of the country’s GDP for every year for the 10 years after reunifying. A joint estimate by the country’s Finance Ministry and universities put the cost of unification — if it were to occur by 2020 — around $2.8 trillion. The cost is expected to only increase with time as consumer prices climb and socioeconomic disparities widen. For the first few years, a majority of the costs will go into consolidating the North’s basic administrative, judicial and social services ... Essay -- In a study conducted by Seoul National University in 1994, 92 percent of South Koreans considered unification absolutely â€Å"essential.† By 2007, that opinion fell to 64 percent. Today, support for unification is barely above 50 percent, with support lowest among the young: a 2010 survey revealed that only 49 percent of young adults judged unification as necessary. Among teens, the figure dropped even lower to 20 percent. This declared openly but it is felt by all long-time dwellers of Seoul and with good reason too: the financial cost of reunification would be astronomical. It would cost South Korean taxpayers seven percent of the country’s GDP for every year for the 10 years after reunifying. A joint estimate by the country’s Finance Ministry and universities put the cost of unification — if it were to occur by 2020 — around $2.8 trillion. The cost is expected to only increase with time as consumer prices climb and socioeconomic disparities widen. For the first few years, a majority of the costs will go into consolidating the North’s basic administrative, judicial and social services ...

I Intend to Pursue the Study of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - I Intend to Pursue the Study of Medicine I walked off the school bus; it was a beautiful summer day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing, but inside my house it was dark, a cloud had moved over us. I slowly made my way to the door, expecting my mother to greet me but instead my sister opened the door, something was wrong, I knew instantly. When I walked in and there sat my three year-old little brother playing with his toys in the family room and my parents were sitting on the couch. I looked up at my mom, she had been crying. What is wrong I asked? He is sick my mom said, "Your baby brother is very sick". I just shrugged my shoulders and walked away, I had been sick before and I got better, so would he. I went upstairs to my room and made a get well card for him. It was made out of blue construction paper and had black writing on it, I finished it off with a panda bear sticker. Inside I had written how much I loved him and to get better real soon. I proudly presented it to my mother; she took one look at it and began to cry again. I climbed on to her lap and she said, "He won't get better, we have to take care of him the best that we can". He has diabetes she explained but my naïve eight year-old mind just did not know what diabetes was. I did not understand. Whenever I was sick I went to the doctor and he always made be better, but this time even the best doctor's hands were tied. It was this very day I knew what I wanted to do when I grew up...I wanted to make my little brother better, I wanted to be a doctor. Although this was this first time that being a physician crossed my mind. I was sure I was destined to become one. I have always felt a deep desire to help people whenever they needed it, and would stop and no end to help them. Through the many volunteering experiences and through various jobs, my decision was solidified. My first trials with medicine and dealing with the ill began when I was twelve years old.

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom Well , what can I say, Thankyou for those kind words Alan and I hope $20 was enough. I recently read somewhere that a survey had been conducted of things that people fear most, and top of the list above things like spiders and heights, was the fear of standing up and making a speech in public. I'm no different, suffice to say that this isn't the first time today I've risen from a warm seat with a piece of paper in my hand. MANY PEOPLE Many people thought this day would never come. That I'd be standing here making the speech of a Newly Married man, myself included. Many people have also told me how lucky I am to be marrying Jo, including Jo in fact. But I would like everybody here, especially my new bride, to know how lucky and proud I am to be standing here speaking to you as her husband. WIFE & I And so, for the very first time, I'd like to say, 'On behalf of my Wife and I' I would like to thank you all for coming today and sharing Our special day. I know this is meant to be our day, but of course it wouldn't be as special a day if it wasn't for our family and friends being here with us, and I'm sure you'll all agree that we found the ideal setting for this memorable occasion. We would also like to thank you all for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful gifts. TRADITION Tradition dictates that I now tell you an amusing stor... ...would like to thank our little Bridesmaids, Charlotte and Lucy for doing such a great job today. I'm sure you'll all agree they look beautiful, especially in their bridesmaids dresses, which once again Daphne was kind enough to make. Gift Now, ladies and gentlemen please be upstanding and raise your glasses in a toast to Charlotte and Lucy 'The Bridesmaids' Finish Before I sit down I'd like to finish by reading a quotation I came across a couple of days ago, that I found very apt. "Happy marriages begin when we marry the one we love, And they blossom when we love the one we married" With that thought in mind, I look forward to a wonderful married life together. Thankyou!!!

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Confessions: A Review Essay

In Confessions by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Rousseau seeks to explain who he is by trying to paint layer by layer, a portrait of himself, without missing any details and having his end product being interpreted by his readers. Rousseau was born into a lower class family, part of the commons, in a childhood mixed with medieval and modern values and lifestyles. Rousseau was a product of a mother and father who married out of love, being born into a nuclear family rather than the traditional big family of the medieval times. His mother passed away at Rousseau’s birth and even though his father abandoned him at a young age, he still had a close relationship to Rousseau for he thought him how to read. As Rousseau grew older, he became independent and begun an apprenticeship as an engraver. In his confessions, he reveals an experience of being beaten at the age of 11 by a much-loved female nanny twice his age—and desiring to be beaten again, which he evaluates as being his admission into the world of adult sexuality. Rousseau does not agree with the medieval traditions of corporal punishment. He believes beating children will lead them to become mischievous, sneaky, and sexual deviances. Rousseau’s intended audience was made for the general public of Europe to read. He wanted to express his individualism and try to get his audience to know his true self. Rousseau also wanted the public to know all his secrets and love him regardless so he can establish the personal bonds which he describes were stripped by money, â€Å"the money you have gives you freedom. The money you pursue enslaves you†. Given that man contributes his mutual consent to money as a store of value in a society, Rousseau believes money has both positive and negative traits. He states that money is virtuous since it gives an individual independence but goes on to also state that money brings the disadvantage of breaking personal bonds. Moreover, the significance and effects of The Confessions reaches toward the emphasis of discipline and upbringing of children. Rousseau tells his audience how childhood experiences can carry psychologically into adulthood, especially in relation to the development of sexuality and deviance. The Confessions influenced society to change. Even though some members where not comfortable with this change Rousseau had regardless already brought upon the ideas which reformed the way of many individuals’ outlook and thinking towards their families, children, money, personal bonds, private properties, etc.

DefinitionofHate

A good example of this is when students say they hate school. Not only is school academic, but it is also social. School is where friends associate, and most students enjoy this. Most students have a favorite class, so they certainly don't hate that time. So what part of school do they actually â€Å"hate? † Then when asked if they would want to quit school they say â€Å"Of course! † But when one thinks about it, school is what builds up the rest of our lives to success.One cannot possibly hate something that asses happiness in a well educated life. Other examples include saying â€Å"l hate her,† which causes questions like why and who, and statements like â€Å"l hate my parents† cause judgment, in that bystanders will stereotype one as a rebel. If one said â€Å"l hate her because she betrayed me,† it would be more accurate and powerful; however, society is to lazy to add detail, just as they are too lazy to say â€Å"dislike?' instead of â₠¬Å"hate. † Hate is a powerful word used against a specific person or object. Hate, when used frivolously in common conversation, can be extremely hurtful.Hate is carelessly used to describe people one dislikes. If the disliked person overhears, finds out, or takes the usage in an offensive manner, they can be extremely hurt by the statement This often causes unwanted drama and conflict. If one had avoiding using such harsh language in the first place, that person wouldn't have had to deal with this drama. Hate is used towards friends as a joke, but if the word was being used correctly, there would be no friends. â€Å"Hate† isolates friendships and starts fights that should've never been started.If used in this frivolous, airless, way, the word hate can be extremely offensive in situations where it was not meant to be. One can never be sure how the person he or she is talking to takes the use Of the word â€Å"hate,† so to be safe, it should only be reserved for extreme situations. Hate is an emotion reserved for people that have the right to use it. Only people who have had traumatic or horrible life experiences have the right to hate certain people or items. Hating your parents because they don't let you go out is pathetic, unlike hating your parents because they abandoned you, which is understandable and tragic.Students hating school because of a bad grade is very different from students hating school because they are bullied. What about kids hating cars because they aren't old enough to drive versus hating cars because of a serious accident? There is never black and white in these situations, it all depends on circumstances. Hate can only be used in truly loathly situations. Hate is an intense word that should only be used in the most extreme of situations, and should not be used frivolously. Hate is used too broadly on everyday subjects, and is a very offensive word that destroys relationships when used incorrectly.

“A Conversation with My Father” Response Essay

In the short story â€Å"A Conversation with My Father,† there are two narratives intertwined. This story brings to light a generation gap between the past and the present. This generation gap leaves the dying father and his writer daughter with different views not only in life but also in literature. Paley’s use of characters exemplifies her efforts to combine realism with experimentation. This story is a great example of her style of writing: telling stories through the use of characters. Paley blends real life and literature, portraying her characters as practical people with realistic problems. Every character has his/her own unique opinion on life. The two narratives mirror each other in the sense that they are about the relationships between parents and their children. Read more: Essay About My Father Goes to Court The daughter hates the kind of story her father wants, while the father rejects her tale because he sees in it her inability to face tragic realities of fiction and life. Their different attitudes towards the possibility of opportunities and change, fictional or real, stem from their different worldviews and experiences. Not only are the intertwined narratives paralleled, but the overall story might also reflect Paley’s relationship with her father. Did Paley have issues with her father regarding her career choice? In the story the daughter writes for her dying father, the father she would rather have surfaces as the mother who uses drugs as a mean of being closer to her son. This idea might be Paley’s way of expressing her desire to have a father like the mother her protagonist created. In a way, Paley puts herself into her work as the protagonist and uses the hidden message in her work as a way to express her problems.

Human nature Essay

Human nature has always emphasized on achieving more. As the history prevail the first ever invention of human was a wheel, and ever since the development of wheel, the mankind has always been in a continuous strive to achieve more. Information is an integral part of human life and the technology has always played an eminent role to increase the lifestyle and living standards of mankind. Communication has always been the core point of interest for people and this is one aspect where the research will continue to eternity. (Rhoton, 2001) Samuel Morse who is considered as one of the pioneer of communication through the development of telegraph was able to give birth to the term information technology. The information technology is totally dependent upon research. Up till now billions of dollars have been spent on the research of communication and information technology. The profound period that affected the development of IT was development of ENIAC computer in the era of 1950s. (O’Brien, 2008) Through the development of ENIAC large amount of calculations were easily completed by the machine and it was used as multipurpose machine for calculations and programming. The speed and flexibility was very high due to which it made a huge impact in World War II. After the development of ENIAC computers were developed in a similar pattern. The need was recognized by different people and researches were conducted to develop such a machine that could automate some difficult processes. (Rappaport , 2002) The development of computers to cell phones to laptops, all were pretty much predictable as they were developed in the need of the hour. The progress of technology has always been a progress of speed and memory, but now in the modern era the three factors that are very important in the technology research are speed, memory and portability. In the future we can assume that we will witness more speed in machines, with high memory storage and high level of portability. References O’Brien, J. (2008) Managment Information Systems (pp. 239) Rappaport, Theodore (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall. Rhoton, John (2001). The Wireless Internet Explained. Digital Press.

Practice of medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practice of medicine - Essay Example Except for the prudent correction of an imminent danger, I will neither treat any patient nor carry out any research on any human being without the valid informed consent of the subject or the appropriate legal protector thereof, understanding that research must have as its purpose the furtherance of the health of that individual. Into whatever patient setting I enter, I will go for the benefit of the sick and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief or corruption and further from the seduction of any patient. – An excerpt from ‘The Hippocratic Oath’. Multiple studies and researches have been conducted on the bodily reactions of patients after surgical procedures that were performed. These researches are done by professional doctors and physicians who are bound by their oath and are adamant in keeping their clients from experiencing pain or discomfort as well as discovering a viable treatment to alleviate any pain. To extrapolate such a remedy, hypothesis testing as well as research must be done. To perform to these quite rigorous procedures, the physicians must adhere to a code of ethics that will display their professionalism and protect the rights of the patients. Other than aforementioned Hippocratic Oath - which was formulated in approximately 400 B.C. - there was a plethora of ethics and guidelines engendered respective to each culture. The cardinal evidence of this comes from the bible. In the bible contains the first illustrations of edicts concerning the ethics of physicians. Among the essentials of the oath, the premier edict is honouring the pedagogues of the medical discipline.

Carbon dioxide emission in Kuwait Research Paper

Carbon dioxide emission in Kuwait - Research Paper Example Carbon dioxide environmental effects have significant interest. The primary source of carbon IV oxide is the atmospheric carbon IV oxide on earth. The concentration of the gas is regulated by photosynthetic organisms before the industrial error. Technological development in the agricultural field and the introduction of greenhouses as well has increased the need for the gas. Agrichemicals as well have increased the percentage of the gas in the atmosphere. Industrial revolution has increased the concentration of the gas in the atmosphere thus factoring global warming (Abdulai, A and Remkce, L. 15). Excess carbon IV oxide released in the air dissolves in the rainwater leading to acidic rainfall. Acidity in water bodies may cause death to organisms. The acidic water breaks the mineral components in the water bodies thus facilitating loss of some essential minerals to aquatic plants. The acid also breaks metallic components and may affect the respiration system of the marine animals and plants. Acid rain as well leads to corrosion of metal works and concrete building. The acid leads to first ageing of roofing iron sheets and buildings. The corrosion is facilitated by the reaction of acidic water and the metal component (Abdulai, A and Remkce, L. 20). Cement used to build a concrete structure is composed of minerals that react with the acid releasing salts that get eroded and thus the ageing of the buildings. Carbon IV Oxide is classified as a non-toxic gas and an asphyxiant gas. The classification is in accordance with the United Nations Economic Commission. The gas has some adverse effects on living organisms. According to their analysis, a concentration of up to 1% may cause drowsiness to some individuals. Further, a concentration of 7% to 10% may lead some people to suffocate even with sufficient oxygen presence characterized by headache, dizziness, hearing and visual. Carbon IV Oxide is heavier than air. Thus, high